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Term 51: January - April 2019 Term Fifty-One: Don't Feed the Furries (Sept 2097 - June 2098)

 
 
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Old 01-07-2018, 04:01 PM
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Despite the common Muggle view that the study of runes belongs in distant past, it may surprise you to find out that runes and their descendants are still used all around us. Ancient Runes is a big and complex subject, and for many it can become difficult to keep everything straight. That is what this book hopes to be able to help with.

So, what is runology? In short, runology is the study of ancient magical scripts. This can include their history, usage, meaning, and magical significance, whether alone or in conjunction with other branches of magic including, but not limited to, Alchemy, Charms, Divination, Herbology, and Transfiguration. What makes runes special -- even magical -- is not their shape or design, but rather their ability to reach across time. Remember how the "curse of the Pharaohs" remained deadly when Muggle explorers disturbed the pyramids in Egypt thousands of years after the curse had been instilled using magically-imbued hieroglyphic runes? As the famous 18th century cure-breaker Mason Hobbs liked to say, "Impedimenta lasts ten seconds, while Isa lasts a millennium."

This volume covers the Old Norse Futhark, with supplemental texts covering additional writing and runic systems such as the Anglo-Saxon Futhorc and Old Irish Ogham script, as well as additional principles of linguistics and philology. Chapters 1 and 2 of this textbook account for the origins and history of the Futhark as well as providing a general introduction to the alphabet. Chapters 3 through 5 delve deeper into the symbolism of each individual rune as well as their magical uses. Chapter 6 introduces and describes the most-used methods of runecasting. Chapters 7 through 10 explore runic magic with details on how to invoke individual runes and make runic charms. The remaining pages contain a glossary of key terms in runology as well as a list of further resources for those who are eager to expand their knowledge about this subject.

Best wishes on your runic studies,



OOC: Please note that this textbook is a work in progress. Changes will be made over time.
Old 01-07-2018, 04:05 PM   #2 (permalink)
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Chapter 1: History of Runes
No one knows exactly how old the runes are. Rune-like symbols appear as cave markings as early as the late Bronze Age (circa 1300 BC), and they are mentioned in the Bible, but their use in ritual and as an Oracle for consultation must certainly pre-date their use as a system of writing. Eminent scientific runologist Dr. R. I. Page of Cambridge University in An Introduction to English Runes (1973, 1999) and Reading the Past (1987) notes that the runic forms were well established and gave the appearance of having been in use for some centuries before the time of the earliest written language inscriptions.

The fact that the runes were each given meaningful names confirms that they had some magical or religious significance to their users long before they emerged as an alphabet for records and messages. The word "rune" itself comes from the old Norse word runa, meaning a secret or mystery, and it seems likely that the early runemasters and runemistresses were considered to have some magic or mystic power in their understanding of the runes.

The runes represent objects, gods, people, animals, concepts and occurrences. They were known by names from which their alphabetic and phonetic values were taken, but it must be remembered that the early Germanic and Norse tribes who developed them did so long before they had any need for writing messages.

It was not until about 200 AD, when the runemal (i.e. the art of runic interpretation) was wide-spread in Northern Europe that the runic alphabet emerged. This alphabet became known as the Futhark or Futhorc, after the names of the first six runes (Fehu, Uruz, Thurisaz, Ansuz, Raidho, Kenaz) and it is these 24 symbols that now comprise the rune set. Some modern diviners also use a blank to represent Odin, fate or destiny -- but it is probably more useful as a spare in case of loss. A blank cannot rightfully be called a "rune" because there is no symbol on it. And in any case, the rune Ansuz is generally accepted to represent Odin by the majority of experienced rune users.

There are very few surviving runic inscriptions and most of them are on stone or metal - the most durable of materials. Only a handful of inscriptions carved on wood have ever been found, and none of these is from Britain.

There is sufficient evidence to show that the Ancient Pagan or Anglo-Saxon runes (known to runologists as the Anglo-Friesian runes from their geographical occurrence) are the same 24 basic runes with variations in their form due to usage over the centuries. For example, the Hagalaz of the Norse resembled an angled H (ᚺ) but the Anglo-Saxons added a second cross-bar (ᚻ). Variations in pronunciation can also occur. For instance, the Norsemen pronounced W as a V, but Anglo-Saxons had adapted this to the modern W sound by 600 AD.

There are those who suggest that many of the rune forms are copied from Roman script -- the system of letters on which modern Western writing is based. Such examples as Mannaz (ᛗ), Fehu (ᚠ), Berkana (ᛒ), Raidho (ᚱ) are obviously very similar, but it seems more likely that the rune symbols (although not then used as letters) are earlier in development. Or at least, they were developed from the same source as the Roman script.

Consider the technology and equipment that was necessary to undertake Roman writing. Parchment or paper with all the processing that requires -- such as blanching chemicals and drying processes; the formulation of durable ink and its mass production; and not forgetting the development of a complex writing implement such as the quill pen. A civilization is hardly likely to undertake all these developments unless a suitable format for writing already existed.

Look now at the needs of the runemaster or runemistress, what did they require? Nothing more than a stick of wood and a sharp knife to incise the runes. Both of these requisites have been available to Man from the very earliest times. That runes were initially cut in wood there is no doubt. The very shape of the runes confirm this by the avoidance of the horizontal or curved line.

If you experiment with a flat wood surface you will find that it is very easy to cut straight lines across the grain. It is much more difficult to cut a curve with a straight knife blade. And it is almost impossible to cut a line horizontally along the grain -- the cut closes up as the wood dries, and the line thus disappears.

The early runemasters and runemistresses therefore developed a system of writing from their existing fund of mystic or religious symbols which would endure on wood. The symbols were composed of vertical and angled straight lines that could easily be cut or burned in wood.

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Chapter 2: Odin's Rune Song
The "Poetic Edda" is one of the primary written sources for Norse mythology. This excerpt from the W. H. Auden and P. B. Taylor translation contains Odin's telling of how he obtained the runes and runic power.

Wounded I hung on a wind-swept gallows
For nine long nights,
Pierced by a spear, pledged to Odin,
Offered, myself to myself
The wisest know not from whence spring
The roots of that ancient rood.
They gave me no bread,
They gave me no mead,
I looked down;
With a loud cry
I took up runes;
From that tree I fell.

Nine lays of power
I learned from the famous Bolthor, Bestla's father:
He poured me a draught of precious mead,
Mixed with magic Odrerir.

Waxed and throve well;
Word from word gave words to me,
Deed from deed gave deeds to me.

Runes you will find, and readable staves,
Very strong staves,
Very stout staves,
Staves that Bolthor stained,
Made by mighty powers,
Graven by the prophetic God.

For the Gods by Odin, for the Elves by Dain,
By Dvalin, too, for the Dwarves,
By Asvid for the hateful Giants,
And some I carved myself:
Thund, before man was made, scratched them,
Who rose first, fell thereafter.

Know how to cut them,
know how to read them,
Know how to stain them,
know how to prove them,
Know how to evoke them,
know how to score them,
Know how to send them,
know how to send them.

Better not to ask than to over-pledge
As a gift that demands a gift.
Better not to send
Than to slay too many.

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Chapter 3: Frey's Aett
This first family represents the fertility, the vital force, and its demonstrations in the human being. It is the awakening of the consciousness, the aett of the "Knowledge." Frey's Aett represents the first steps of the future enlightened towards the ultimate purpose.

FEHU -
Pronunciation: Fay-who

Meaning: Cattle

Transliteration: F

Description: The rune of Fehu symbolizes two branches which grow off of a tree, or two horns of a cow. The literal meaning of "Fehu" is "cattle," which in the past was a clear representation of a family's wealth. Debts could be paid in cattle, and each man had a blood-price that could only be paid in cattle if they were killed unjustly. Even if one did not tend and own his own cattle, part of the tribe's or clan's cattle was thought to belong to them depending on their status -- a bard, for example, was thought to have a blood-price almost equal to that of a king. Cattle were both a measure of value, and a means of exchange -- much like 'money' is used today.

Interpretation: Wealth and success will soon arrive. Long hours of hard work which took place in the past which will soon be rewarded. Wealth is always fluid and changing, but Fehu's appearance usually signifies an upswing in business affairs and earnings. Carried with the rune Fehu is the warning to apply these new earnings to things that have solidity and permanence once they arrive. The fluidity of the earnings which are referenced here also reminds us that wealth slip easily through one's fingers. Caution and restraint must be exercised.

Fehu also represents the attachment and sense of self-worth that one can obtain from wealth. It represents the dreams and goals that the individual has mapped out. When Fehu turns up, these dreams may be coming close to realization.

Fehu also refers to the economics of relationships; not just debts in the financial sense of the term. The appearance of this rune is an indication that there may be personal debts outstanding. Was there a promise made that needs to be kept and has been long-standing? If so, one should start down the road of making amends, as Fehu signifies that repayment must occur imminently.

Wealth is also power -- the rune frequently refers to power (and the exercise of power) that comes with success on the material plane.

Merkstave: The dark side of wealth is referenced here. Inverted, Fehu's wealth is not lost, but the individual will likely experience the down-side of this wealth. Money may corrupt, or friends may ask one for money and then deny their friendship when their requests are refused. The appearance of the inverted Fehu serves as a reminder to manage one's own wealth and possessions effectively, rather than letting them assume control on their own. Money, like power, can be used for both good and bad. It carries with it both positivity and negativity. Fehu reversed is a reference to money's more negative aspects.

Divinatory Meanings: Prosperity, money, wealth, concern with physical and financial needs, goals, promotion, self-esteem, centeredness, karma.

Magical Uses: For money, business, promotion, finding a job, achieving a goal, starting new enterprises.

Energy: Mobility, luck, charisma, dynamic power, liquid and mobile transferable energies, abundance, and circulation.
URUZ -
Pronunciation: Ooo-rooze

Meaning: Aurochs

Transliteration: U

Description: A mighty animal stands on four legs, two of which are obscured -- it raises it's head to the sky. The "auroch" was a massive (and now extinct) early European ox; their size was between a modern-day bison and a mammoth. The Vikings prized these mighty creatures for their enormous horns, which they would use to drink out of. In his Gallic Wars, Caesar wrote of the use of the aurochs hunt to initiate boys to manhood among the 'Germanii' (the Roman name for the German tribes). This rune is also representative of the Norse God "Ull". Ull was the God of archery, hunting, and winter. He is the "leader of the hunt" in Germanic folklore.

Interpretation: This rune represents raw physical power. It would not be uncommon for it to turn up in readings for an athlete, hunter, or a member of the military. Uruz also represents virility -- most commonly (but not exclusively) the male side of those attributes. It may also represent a show of force which is unusually great for a specific individual.

Its appearance often signals a significant internal life change if the individual involved in a rune reading is a man; or a shift in his masculine powers, depending on his age. If the individual in a rune reading is female, it represents a man that is about to affect her life somehow, most likely in reference to a romantic or physical relationship. It also refers to all of those aspects considered masculine that are still present in the female, such as athleticism and competitiveness.

It may also refer to the abuse or overuse of those powers -- if the individual is an athlete, they may need to change their routine in order to avoid a sports injury. Competitiveness may be getting in the way of advancement. Restraint may be suggested here.

Overall, Uruz refers to great strength, sexuality, athleticism, virility, and the employment of all of these things. It may also indicate that subtlety and inaction are both poor choices at this juncture.

Merkstave: A weakening of one's physical or emotional self. Someone may be trying to use the individual's own power against them. Watch out for energy-sapping situations and people; they are present when this rune is inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Energy, passion, vitality, instinct, wildness, fertility, the unconscious, primitive mind, irrationality, shamanic experience, rite of passage.

Magical Uses: To strengthen the will, increase energy; for hunting.

Energy: Vital formative force, archetypal patterning, raw primal power, survival, healing, endurance, manifestation, and organic structuring.
THURISAZ -
Pronunciation: Thoor-ee-saws

Meaning: Giant

Transliteration: Th

Description: In Norse mythology, the ancient and wicked Frost Giants bore an evil son named Loki whose sole mission in life was to torment mankind. Although eternal enemies of the Norse gods, the Frost Giants consequently gave the Norse gods a purpose: the defense and protection of their sacred realms. This rune represents the treachery of the Frost Giants and all the danger they represent, as well as the need for faithful vigilance and responsibility in the face of opposition. Thurisaz is also called "the thorn". While the thorn is often seen as a source of pain, it can (as with the thorn of the rose) also be a source of profound beauty. Contained in this rune is much of the old Norse view of winter and the elements: Beauty and danger combined in physical form. A time of trials.

Interpretation: Thurisaz is the sacrifice that one must make in order to make progress in life. It is the very essence of discipline. This rune references the pain that must be endured for the reward that lies at its end. It may be likened to a long period of study that lies before the start of a satisfying career. A painful lesson learned. Monetary hardship, a temporary separation, or anything that requires a personal sacrifice to "get through" to the other side of the situation.

Thursiaz represents harsh outside forces which stand in opposition -- particularly natural forces or forces on a larger scale.

On the positive side, Thurisaz also signifies discipline and the necessity of change: Things that are happening are meant to happen. They are part of the grand cycle of life and nature. Those things that we are forced to endure will pave the way for good things in the future.

Merkstave: Being too resistant to change and not dealing with adversity. Seeing only the short term of a situation, not the long term. One should take care to understand the hardships that one is dealing with -- don't ignore them as they may become larger problems later.

Divinatory Meanings: Hardship, painful event, discipline, knowledge, introspection, focus.

Magical Uses: Aid in study and meditation, self-discipline, clearing out a bad situation.

Energy: Enthusiasm, self-empowerment, chaos, active defensive force, breaker of resistance, and destructive storms.
ANSUZ -
Pronunciation: Awn-sooze

Meaning: Odin

Transliteration: A

Description: Ansuz is the rune of Odin -- most powerful of all the gods in Norse mythology. Odin is the All-Father and Norse god of wisdom. Odin brought the wisdom of the runes to mankind through his self-sacrifice at the base of the World Tree. Odin, much like Prometheus of Greek myth, has brought back something sacred and divine to the world of Man. He takes an active interest in the affairs of Man and tries to guide humanity through their trials. Ansuz is also, by virtue of being Odin's rune, a signifier of all forms of creativity, drawing, music, and fine arts.

Interpretation: Usually Ansuz signifies an authority figure in the life of the individual, such as an employer, teacher, or parent. Whoever this figure may be, they are about to facilitate a positive life-changing event for the individual. One may look forward to a promotion or bonus due to excellent work. A book may be written, a great work composed, a long-standing problem may be solved creatively. Whatever this achievement is, assistance will be received from someone well qualified to give it.

Ansuz may also reference a highly creative person, or a creative solution to a long-standing problem.

Ansuz can also represent a spiritual teacher or leader, such as a priest, that will act as a guide for the individual on their spiritual and emotional journey. To many, Ansuz is seen literally as the communication method of the word of the divine -- it is Odin's Stave, or wand. A message of guidance, creation, and growth.

Merkstave: The authority figures seemingly impede progress -- although this is likely only a perception. The appearance of this rune inverted suggests a resistance to genuine assistance. Perhaps someone is not recognizing help when it is offered. Don't bite the hand that feeds and guides. There is wisdom in your immediate circle of contacts -- but first it must be invited and accepted.

Divinatory Meanings: Authority figure, leader, mind & body balance, justice, shaman, clairvoyant.

Magical Uses: For wise decisions, success, leadership; to help in divination and magic.

Energy: Sovereign ancestral god, animating spirit, breath, communication, exploration, order, answers.
RAIDHO -
Pronunciation: Rye-though

Meaning: Ride, journey

Transliteration: R

Description: Raidho represents the overall life-path of a person. The message of the rune of Raidho is that the stops along the way are less important here than the journey itself. According to Norse mythology, the course of a life is determined by three weaving sisters called the "Norns", who live at the base of the World Tree. The three sisters weave the fates of all mankind. The first sister, Urdr ('becoming'), spins the yarn of each individual's fate. The second, Verdandi ('being'), measures the yarn. The third, Skuld ('that to come') cuts the yarn. Like the "three fates" in Greek mythology, these sisters hold sway over the lives of all living things. The Norns are also tasked with the tending of the roots of the World Tree with water from the Well of Wyrd. The rune Raidho reminds us that specific events are largely beyond our control. Fate is not something that we can ever know or truly understand -- but something that must be respected, for it influences us from beyond our reach.

Interpretation: In a reading, a physical journey is likely when Raidho appears. This journey will likely be successful and will lead to a important changes in one's life. A move or a career change is foretold. New experiences and insights await us over the horizon, and will shape the course of our lives.

As with the lesson of the three Norns, the appearance of Raidho also suggests that all efforts to influence the situation (one way of the other) will likely fail. The hands of fate are at work here -- fortunately the indication is largely positive. Raidho may also represent a change in lifestyle -- usually for the better.

At a literal level, Raidho may represent women, sisters or a career path.

Merkstave: Journeys may often just be detours off of one's primary path, not part of our primary life journey. Moves and career changes can also mean disruptions in personal relationships, and these must be maintained in order to remain a whole person. Failure to move on will cause stunted growth.

Divinatory Meanings: Journey, pilgrimage, change, destiny, quest, progress, life lessons.

Magical Uses: Protection for travelers, to ease or bring about change, to reconnect.

Energy: Cosmic cyclical law, rhythm, presence (active).
KENAZ - <
Pronunciation: Cane-awze

Meaning: Torch

Transliteration: C (hard as in "cat"), K

Description: Kenaz represents the brilliant flame of divine inspiration: Rebirth through sacrifice -- Creation through fire. This is the rune of the artisan, and often will frequently appear in readings for those engaged in artistic ventures or seeking creative solutions. New ideas shine brightly in the darkness. What was once gloomy is now brilliantly lit by the introduction of creativity, light-giving energy and radiant warmth. The torch of Kenaz represents illumination and an immense store of divine knowledge.

Interpretation: A solution to a long-standing issue. Clarification will come after a long struggle -- the solution will seem simple after the long struggle that has led up to it. Inspiration and the light of knowledge will pave the way for success in the current venture. A sudden insight or enlightenment. A moment is coming when someone will realize their purpose, their entire reason for being. Something (or someone) will light the way to this path.

Enlightenment and clarity do not come without sacrifice. There is often a price to pay for solutions and knowledge. It will not be grievous but it will require that the individual give something up that is precious to them. Knowledge, like the apple of the book of Genesis, may carry a steep cost.

Merkstave: A flame is being darkened somewhere in the individual's life. A source of inspiration is petering out. The individual should take care that they are not giving up on their dreams -- which could lead to a cooling of their life spark and spiritual suffering. Do not be so quick to let go of a dream.

Divinatory Meanings: Wisdom, insight, solution to a problem, creativity, inspiration, enlightenment.

Magical Uses: For creative inspiration, aid in study, fertility, dispelling anxiety and fear.

Energy: Controlled energy, transformation (phoenix fire), teaching/learning dynamic, illumination.
GEBO -
Pronunciation: Gay-boe

Meaning: Gift

Transliteration: G

Description: The Rune of Gebo represents the act of "giving" in all it's forms. The ancient Norse tale of "Brunhild" is a good one to illustrate the meaning of this rune: According to legend, the hero Sigurd fought and killed a mighty dragon and took a ring from its hoard. Venturing onwards, he passed through a magical circle of fire where he found a sleeping warrior wearing shining armor. He cut through the armor and revealed Brunhild, a beautiful Valkyrie (an angelic warrior woman of Valhalla) who had been kept there by Odin until a mortal man was brave enough to rescue her. Sigurd then gave her the ring and pledged his unending love to her. Gebo represents a unification of two forces for the betterment of both parties. Whether this is in a business deal or a romantic arrangement is of no consequence -- the result and meaning are the same. Positive emotions, acts of selflessness and the giving of gifts are all referenced here. It should be noted that the legend of Brunhild also carries a somewhat sinister message: As legend has it -- the ring Sigurd gave to Brunhild had been cursed by the wicked god Loki. The meaning here is that while intentions may be noble and emotions may be true -- the hand of fate must be respected: It is always present in all things.

Interpretation: A gift will be given, or possibly a marriage proposal or an opportunity to put forward such a proposal is on its way. A generous, bountiful person who wishes to enrich one's life, romantically or materially. A divine gift, the gift of life or of balance. It is important that all parties remain equitable when the gift is given, or that balance which is so important to relationships may be endangered.

On another level, the rune of Gebo may generically represent union. Depending on the other runes that it appears with, it may mean a fleeting encounter; particularly if paired with Uruz. This will be a very intense encounter and one that can be grown into something more if desired.

Merkstave: Gebo cannot be inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Gift, offering, relationship, love, marriage, partnership, generosity, unexpected good fortune.

Magical Uses: To find or strengthen a relationship, for fertility, to mark a gift or offering, to bring luck.

Energy: Exchanged powers, sacrifice, dissolution of barriers through gifting.
WUNJO -
Pronunciation: Voon-yo

Meaning: Joy

Transliteration: V, W

Description: A flag is planted in the field of battle after a resounding victory. A long struggle has ended. Victory gives way to days of song, celebration and rejoicing. According to Norse mythology, the great halls of Valhalla awaited all vanquished warriors and heroes after death -- as long as they had fought nobly and bravely in life. What awaited the warriors in Valhalla was eternal glory, peace and joy: a state of eternal bliss. Wunjo represents a spiritual ideal which cannot be maintained in the physical world. The facets of Wunjo that we are able to experience in life are thought of as minor tastes of what was promised in Valhalla: a purity of pleasure and spiritual contentment.

Interpretation: Success and achievement of a goal. The attainment of desire, possibly a person, a monetary desire, or otherwise. Fantasies are soon to be fulfilled when this rune appears.

One must be careful that the desires in this rune do not give rise to an obsessive nature. Too much focus can be placed on the end goal rather than the means of achieving it. The appearance of this rune may indicate a need to stop and reassess -- to take measure of the object of one's pursuits. Wunjo reminds us that some fantasies are best left to the realm of fantasy.

Cautionary notes aside, Wunjo is a rune of great happiness and deserved celebration. It is an indication to enjoy all that it has to offer. Success and the true rewards of a job well done. Wunjo may also indicate a conflict that has not yet occured -- but will prove beneficial -- and ultimately result in victory, joy and material gain.

Merkstave: A goal takes longer to reach than was expected. A journey towards a goal is painful. The need to try harder in order to realize one's dreams. There is a definite need to reassess the end goal and ensure that it is the right one when one sees Wunjo inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Success, recognition of achievements, reward, joy, bliss, achievement of goals, contentment.

Magical Uses: For success in any endeavor, to motivate, to complete a task.

Energy: Harmony of like forces, effortless ease, fellowship, fulfillment, wishing, genuine friendship.

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Chapter 4: Heimdall's Aett
The second family represents the tangible world, indicating how to participate in it and integrate to the kingdom between the men and the gods. Heimdall's Aett symbolizes the evolution of the human being towards a development of the consciousness and magic of the soul.

HAGALAZ -
Pronunciation: Haw-gaw-laws

Meaning: Hail, hailstone

Transliteration: H

Description: Ragnarok is the Norse version of "Judgement Day," when it is foretold that the legendary Fenris wolf will devour the sun and plunge the world into darkness. Our world and the world of the gods will both be destroyed by uncontrollable forces, and a vast process of universal rebirth will begin. In a vastly smaller form, the destruction of Ragnarok is the kind of destruction one sees in the rune Hagalaz -- a destruction that is necessary in order to bring about rebirth of a new world, or a new phase of one's life.

Interpretation: The appearance of Hagalaz is often an indication that we must let go of the past. Only through the destruction of certain psychological aspects, emotional blocks, and ties to the past can we move forward. While Hagalaz represents destruction, it also represents rebirth. That which currently exists may need to be destroyed in order for positive change to occur. Frequently it is a fear of destruction and loss which prevents future growth.

Hagalaz may also indicate that a temporary setback or obstacle has arisen -- one which the individual will necessarily get over very quickly. Disappointment may also be indicated here, and a realization that the path that one has set out on is not the path that one is meant to be on. Hagalaz reminds us that such disappointment is a necessary first-step in achieving change. A need to refocus and retask one's energies.

While the main lesson of this rune is positive, it must be cautioned that a setback will happen for a reason, and it is important not to let history repeat itself. An opportunity will come in which one can better oneself. It may be painful, but ultimately it will prove beneficial.

Other possible literal meanings of Hagalaz in a reading include bad weather, or emotional outbursts.

Merkstave: Hagalaz cannot be inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Sudden loss, ordeal, destruction, disaster, clearance, testing, karmic lesson, drastic change.

Magical Uses: Removing unwanted influences, breaking destructive patterns.

Energy: Power beyond human ability to harness, perfect pattern, seed formation, objective confrontation, destructive natural forces, chaos.
NAUTHIZ -
Pronunciation: Now-these

Meaning: Need, necessity

Transliteration: N

Description: A vast canyon or icy crevasse exists between one's current position and the position or goal that is desired. One 'needs' to cross this great distance, but how? Passage across this chasm must be secured or a shortage may become worse. A 'need' or 'shortfall' is indicated here in all its forms: Nauthiz is the worker who has done a particular trade for years and finds themselves laid off, their trade obsolete. Nauthiz is the harvest which falls short, unable to provide. Nauthiz is a yearning of the soul which is currently unfulfilled. Nauthiz is a sudden demand which overwhelms one's stores and savings. Nauthiz indicates a time to retrain, relearn and plan effectively in order to get what is wanted from a particular situation. Nauthiz is a rune of 'wanting', and it is generally a negative rune since it describes a 'lack' of something. If the reader believes the need referenced by Nauthiz is a constant need, then one's needs should be reevaluated. If the need referenced by this rune is temporary in nature, it may be necessary to take steps to fill it. In general, the rune Nauthiz represents a gap between that which one requires and the capacity that one has to fulfill that requirement.

Interpretation: Something is desired or lacking by the querent. Without fulfilling this need, forward motion will be difficult and unpleasant. Material need or sometimes impoverishment, whether real or imagined may also be described here. The exact meaning of such impoverishment may be different for different people; for one person, poverty may mean one car in the family instead of two. For another, it may mean no food for a week. Whatever the definition, the result is the same: a degradation of life-quality through a shortage of something. Rectifying this situation will requires either diligence and intelligence in order to improve the situation. A managing of one's desires may also be called for.

An alternate meaning of Nauthiz is a purely spiritual yearning for some greater level of enlightenment: a need created by spiritual impoverishment or a withering of the soul. In some cases Nauthiz represents a semi-permanent state of spiritual disatisfaction, or one who is eternally disatisfied despite material and emotional plenty.

It should be noted that while many see Nauthiz as a negative rune, depicting a shortage or a lack of something -- others see Nauthiz as a positive challenge -- a test that must be overcome to achieve the object of one's desire.

Merkstave: There are those who believe that Nauthiz cannot be reversed -- and others who say that it can. With this particular rune, this decision must be made by the reader based upon the nature of the reading. A possible inverted interpretation is as follows: The shortage is at it's worst and the only way from here is up -- bear this in mind during the coming struggles. Strong character is forged through difficult situations like this -- and fortunes made. Some of the most successful and enduring people achieved greatness because they underwent extreme hardships at some point in their lives.

Divinatory Meanings: Poverty, hardship, responsibility, discontent, obstacle, frustration.

Magical Uses: To represent a need to be filled.

Energy: Necessity, coming forth into being, urgency.
ISA -
Pronunciation: Ee-saw

Meaning: Ice

Transliteration: I (short as in "sit")

Description: This rune is one of the simplest of all. Where Kenaz was fire, Isa represents the stillness and purity of ice. The elements of 'fire' and 'ice' are two of the most dominant in Norse mythology. The Norse creation myth had the universe created out of the mating of these two materials. Ice represents the ultimate stillness: A blanket of frozen immobility which seals the land, restricts travel and covers all that is life-giving and fertile. Under it's beautiful and concealing silence the rich earth below is nurtured and prepared for new energy and life. Ice is representative of the feminine principle in Norse philosophy -- a stillness of contemplation and a preparation for new life: new hope and rebirth. This is the Yang to the Yin of firey Kenaz. Without ice and winter to moisten the fields, the farming and harvest would be impossible. Where Kenaz is fire and agression, Isa is meditative, still and ultimately a creative force.

Interpretation: A time of rest before action. A period of meditation and recharging before action is continued. It may be necessary to stop, take measure and look around in order to further assess a situation, rather to charge forward without direction. When the ice thaws it will retreat from the land and one's direction will become clear.

A time of fertile creation lies ahead. While the pace of forward movement may seem slow and inhibited at this time, the seeds of rebirth are active beneath the surface. The outward appearance of purity and stillness mask an explosion of fertility which lies ready in wait. All things will come in good time, and for now Isa reminds us that we must wait. The long winter is upon us now, but the cycle of seasons moves ever forward.

Also a path of reflection and meditation. Inner calmness must be maintained at this time in order for deeper reflection to occur.

Merkstave: Isa cannot be inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Inactivity, blockage, stagnation, potential, patience, reflection, withdrawal, rest.

Magical Uses: To stop a process; to represent primal form.

Energy: Stillness, contraction, stasis.
JERA -
Pronunciation: Yare-awe

Meaning: Year, harvest

Transliteration: J, Y

Description: Two scythes sweep in great arcs across endless fields of wheat, rye and flax. The harvest has arrived, and with it a time of plenty and bounty. The long hard winter has been endured, the hard work of tilling and planting has long since been completed, and now comes the time to reap the rewards for prior hardships. Life giving sustenance rises from the Earth. Jera is an indication of plenty. Because the rune refers to the harvest, it also indicates a time of subtle change. The endless roll of seasons is referenced here, and the need to remember that leaner times may be on the horizon.

Interpretation: Jera represents "change" -- most frequently positive change. This change is not the temporary reward of Wunjo, but a permanent reward after hardship, or series of hardships. Hard work is going to be rewarded. Retirement, a sabbatical, or a vacation may be referenced here. Everything is happening as it should happen, and the time is coming to enjoy it.

Jera may also represent that little extra push that one needs to finish a job -- that final motivation that sees a job through to its successful conclusion.

As with a successful harvest, Jera is a rune of material gain. It should be noted that Jera is a complementary rune to Gebo: if both runes turn up together, certain happiness in both relationships and money will occur.

Jera is often seen as a forward-looking rune which refers to an eventual positive resolution which will occur at some time in the future: Often this pertains to legal resolutions.

Other possible literal meanings of Jera in a reading are a large, well-attended meal or outdoor festivities.

Merkstave: Jera cannot be inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Change, cycle turning, reward, motion, productivity, inevitable development.

Magical Uses: To bring change; for fertility and growth.

Energy: Good harvest, orbits, cycles, progress, biorhythms, right effort.
EIHWAZ -
Pronunciation: Eye-vawz

Meaning: Yew

Transliteration: I (long as in "side")

Description: The verdent Yew tree stands tall in a snowy field. All around it is the still lifelessness of winter, yet the Yew remains supple and strong. Yews are hardy trees which stay green even in winter. Their red berries signify life in the harshest of environments -- a steadfast refusal to succumb to the opposition and hardship of the cold. Yew trees have been linked to runes, the occult, and rites of passage in Europe since ancient Germanic times. In Christianity, yew trees are often linked to immortality -- and are often planted in church yards expressly to signify this. Historically, the wood of the yew tree also made the best bows, at one time a vital and sophisticated instrument of war -- used to kill the enemy at long range before they could draw close.

Interpretation: A major and necessary life change may be about to take place; either the onset of adulthood, going away to college, marriage, retirement or a change in profession. This change may seem full of uncertainty when it is first introduced, but it will become clear very quickly that such change is necessary.

A significant confrontation with one's inner fears and innermost insecurities may be at hand. While 'change' is a constant process, the appearance of Eihwaz indicates an increase in the speed and intensity of change.

Change comes in many forms: mental, spiritual and physical. It is important to keep one's focus clear throughout the process: some change should be accepted as it is necessary and just. Other change may require a steadfast resolve and hardiness -- like the always green yew tree.

Through the trials of 'change' come growth and spiritual expansion. Resolve, flexibility and a focus on the importance of change will see one through the most difficult trials.

Eihwaz may also reference the need to address a problem well in advance, before it becomes serious.

Other possible literal meanings of Eihwaz in a reading are positive health, nature or the season of winter.

Merkstave: Eihwaz cannot be inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Change, initiation, confrontation of fears, turning point, death, transformation.

Magical Uses: To bring about profound change, to ease a life transition.

Energy: Axis of heaven-earth-hel, secrecy, encoding, immortality.
PERTHRO -
Pronunciation: Perth-row

Meaning: Dice-cup

Transliteration: P

Description: This cup shape literally means a vessel -- possibly for casting lots. This rune is one of the more controversial among runic scholars, as the "P" sound at the start does not actually appear anywhere else in early Germanic languages. It is commonly thought that the rune's name, which is now lost to antiquity, was altered over the centuries with the development of more modern alphabets. Perthro represents a vessel, something to be filled and drunk from. There is also significant evidence that the cup referenced by Perthro is a 'dice-cup', of the kind commonly used in games of chance and fate.

Interpretation: The cup of Perthro represents fertility, mystery, and all things hidden. The hand of fate, through Karma or divine predestination, is showing itself strongly in one's life. While fate is often complex and impossible to understand, this rune indicates a powerful order and purpose behind seemingly random events. Fate is both powerful and unknowable -- a force which we all must ultimately respect and give way to.

Intense forces of change that work behind the scenes are acting on the individual at this time. While these forces may be seen as positive or negative, the appearance of Perthro most commonly suggests positive forces -- unless of course it appears in a spread with a host of negative runes.

It should be noted that while we frequently view change as either "good" or "bad" -- Perthro reminds us that such black-and-white interpretation may represent an oversimplification of fate. The change referenced by Perthro carries with it an infinite amount of complexity and subtlety. To attempt to categorize change in simplistic terms of "positive" or "negative", is to attempt to understand fate itself: something no mortal can do. When analyzing the meaning of Perthro, one should take care to remember that fate exists at a level that we can never truly know until such time that it is upon us. What seems true may prove false, and vice versa. Only fate can tell.

Other possible literal meanings of Perthro in a reading are the act of drinking or games of chance.

Merkstave: There may be psychological issues present which the individual may need to explore further. This may not represent a readiness to explore hidden mysteries further, but a burning desire that is not accompanied by the wisdom of experience. Tread carefully, missteps are costly here.

Divinatory Meanings: Rebirth, mystery, magic, divination, fertility, new beginning, prophecy.

Magical Uses: Fertility, easing childbirth, to aid in divination and magic, enhancing psychic abilities.

Energy: Evolutionary force, luck, nothingness, the unborn, the unmanifest.
ALGIZ -
Pronunciation: Awl-gheeze

Meaning: Protection, elk

Transliteration: X, Z

Description: The rune of Algiz depicts a person with arms upraised, elk's antlers, or a representation of the Norse God Heimdall who holds his sword in one hand and his horn in the other -- guarding the divine realm of Asgard. In the old Germanic languages, Algiz means "defense" or "protection". "Elhaz", yet another name for this rune, means "elk" and refers to the four elks that feed off of the World Tree of Norse legend, or Yggdrasil. The rune Algiz was commonly carved into the shields, swords and spears of warriors as a mark of protection and sanctuary from harm.

Interpretation: As the best defense is often a good offense, this rune symbolizes protection in all of its forms; both offense and defense, proactive and reactive. The appearance of this rune indicates the presence of a threat, and a need to guard against something. Algiz signals that this protection may be expected from an outside source in a conflict that is either forthcoming or is already ongoing.

Algiz also refers to spiritual defenses and the act of drawing upon inner strength to actively protect our emotional well-being and our immediate surroundings. Referenced here is our own internal system of checks and balances that makes up our conscience: The soul reaching to the realm of the divine as an act of spiritual and physical protection.

The more esoteric meanings of this complex rune aside, at its most basic level it symbolizes protection and helpful "brawn". A threat is indicated, but the individual will come to no harm.

Merkstave: When inverted this rune is called "Ihwar", meaning "yew tree" or "yew bow". The reversed position indicates that the situation may call for more of a defense than originally thought -- one's guard is down, the sword and horn are being held downwards rather than being held up to the sky. Attacks must be anticipated and defenses are down.

Divinatory Meanings: Protection, assistance, defense, warning, support, a mentor, an ethical dilemma.

Magical Uses: For protection, hunting.

Energy: Protective teaching force, the divine plan.
SOWILO -
Pronunciation: Soh-veal-oh

Meaning: Sun

Transliteration: C (soft as in "nice"), S

Description: Sowilo, or the Sun Rune, symbolizes energy, life and fertility. Warmth, positivity and drive flow from radiant Sowilo. Norse mythology describes the sun as a blazing disc which is pulled across sky in a chariot pulled by a great wolf. One day, it is said, the wolf will stop pulling the chariot and eat the sun on the day of "Ragnarok", the old Norse version of "judgement day". While Sowilo indicates positive energy and success, Sowilo reminds us of the necessity to move on even after achieving that success. Its action sustains itself and spurs the individual on to greater and more noble pursuits.

Interpretation: Success; a more permanent and lifelong success than the harvest time of Jera. Sowilo often refers to a dynamic, strong, steadfast, and charismatic personality. Energy, motivation, goodness, and all positive character attributes are referenced here. A very successful outcome is indicated, perhaps more successful than one had predicted. Sowilo is an extremely fortunate rune and is often considered the best possible rune in a reading.

Sowilo represents an endless source of energy and brilliance: a renewal of hope and achievement. If a project or endeavor is beginning to "drag on", Sowilo indicates a resurgence of positivity and progress.

Sowilo often references health issues and healing. The sun's rays offer vital healing energy, and the appearance of this rune often indicates a positive resolution to a health issue, or a time of successful recovery.

Other possible literal meanings of Sowilo in a reading are: a reference to Summer or bright lights.

Merkstave: Sowilo cannot be inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Success, positive energy, increase, power, activity, fertility, health.

Magical Uses: Energy, strength, success, healing, fertility.

Energy: Sun-wheel, cosmic energies, motivation, life-giving force, action.

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Chapter 5: Tyr's Aett
This family expresses the relationship of people with the world of the divine forces and their function in the Fate. Tyr's Aett describes the human condition, the social aspects and the spiritual transformation of the man or woman.

TIWAZ -
Pronunciation: Tea-wawz

Meaning: Tyr

Transliteration: T

Description: This rune references the legendary Norse warrior "Tyr", who while struggling to save his people, lost his hand to a giant wolf named Fenris. While Tyr was victorious and showed incredible resolve and bravery -- his victory came at great personal cost. Tyr's victory ensured the safety of his fellow clan, but through the sacrifice of his victory, he rendered himself useless in his chosen trade. Tiwaz is a positive rune, but it carries a stern message of responsibility, cost and loyalty.

Interpretation: Ultimately, this is an extremely positive rune signifying victory in battle and success in competition. Direct action and powerful forward motion is indicated.

Sound leadership is often characterized by selflessness. A good leader places his people and his clan before his own needs. Management and leadership skills are referenced positively here. From a spiritual perspective, Tiwaz represents a spiritual breakthrough that awakens new levels of understanding.

It should be noted, that as with the warrior "Tyr", the success indicated by this rune often carries a painful price. It can literally foretell a minor injury, and may indicate a personal loss (or injury) accompanied by a great gain one's family, company or team.

The appearance of Tiwaz generally means that the proper direction of this force, usually in business, will net the individual a victory through proper application of force and pressure.

Merkstave: Progress through aggression may not be the answer in this particular situation. Find another way of achieving the desired outcome. Application of too much force will drive success away.

Divinatory Meanings: Duty, discipline, responsibility, self-sacrifice, conflict, strength, a wound, physicality, the warrior path.

Magical Uses: Protection, victory, strength, strengthening the will, healing a wound.

Energy: Sovereign order, sacrifice, right decision making.
BERKANA -
Pronunciation: Bear-kawn-ah

Meaning: Birch

Transliteration: B

Description: The birch tree was a symbol of fertility in quite a few different myths from European folklore. Likewise, the shape of this rune implies a stylized female form. Berkana (also "Berkano") represents the universal idea of the Goddess and the powerful bond between mother and child. A powerful sense of nurturing, protection, support and creation are indicated by this rune. All of the feminine mysteries are contained in Berkana, as the traditionally male mysteries are contained in Uruz. As with Uruz, the gender-leaning of the rune does not necessarily mean that the rune applies strictly to a male or a female person -- and can also apply to a nuturing, supportive male.

Interpretation: Either a pregnancy or a new start in a person's life is indicated here -- or the fertility of a new business venture. Berkana indicates a fresh perspective, a good start. Aside from a physical birth, a rebirth, or a burst of creativity may be indicated.

Berkana frequently refers to domestic issues and personal relationships -- particularly those involving emotional support, nurturing and "standing by" loved ones.

Berkana can also represent a person who is a healer, whether a nurse, doctor, or other kind of medical practitioner. The energies of this rune are healing and life-giving.

Merkstave: Growth is being stunted through a stubborn refusal to channel creative and healing forces. Learn to accept the rites of passage of life -- don't ignore them or they will just cause you more pain than necessary. Berkana inverted, can also signify friction within relationships -- or even betrayal.

Divinatory Meanings: Fertility, health, new beginnings, growth, conception, plenty, clearance.

Magical Uses: Healing (especially infections), achieving conception, making a fresh start.

Energy: Container/releaser, female fertility, trees and plantlife.
EHWAZ -
Pronunciation: Ay-wawz

Meaning: Horse

Transliteration: E

Description: While one horse frequently symbolizes the 'warrior', two horses (as are used to pull carts) symbolize travel and progress. The rune Ehwaz represents journeys, distant places and events which have not yet transpired. In rune lore, Ehwaz is also regarded as being a depiction of Sleipnir, the Norse god Odin's eight-legged horse -- which symbolizes fluidity and smoothness of motion. Ehwaz, encompasses energy, force, and direct (although not necessarily swift) motion. Like any horse, this progress must be carefully managed and tended in order for its full potential to be realized.

Interpretation: Most simply put, Ehwaz symbolizes 'forward energy and movement'. Ehwaz may represent general travel and steady progress-- or it may literally represent a car, plane or another method of transportation. Ehwaz also symbolizes communication over long distances, and can refer to an important message that one will give or receive. Harmonious concord and pulling together as a team is also referenced here.

When Ehwaz appears in a spread, it empowers the runes around it and augments their meanings simply by virtue of its directional energy and forward movement. Teamwork, forward-motion, communication, and consistent drive will win the day when this rune turns up.

Merkstave: Blocked movement. An inability to act. The best solution at this point may be passivity, not action. A failure to communicate or act in unison.

Divinatory Meanings: Transportation, motion, assistance, energy, power, communication, will, recklessness.

Magical Uses: Power, aiding in communication, transportation; to 'send' a spell.

Energy: Trust, cooperation, the fetch.
MANNAZ -
Pronunciation: Mawn-nawz

Meaning: Mankind

Transliteration: M

Description: Mannaz symbolizes all of humanity, joined together for the purposes of attaining a common goal. On a more personal scale, Mannaz may represent our circle of family and friends -- and the common goals which unite us. An intertwining of man and woman is also referenced here, and a combining of their souls into a single entity. On a philosophical level -- Mannaz reminds us that we are one. All purposes and goals ultimately flow into a greater purpose which is shared by all mankind.

Interpretation: Mannaz represents a group of people, most frequently the community immediately surrounding the individual -- and often references the ways in which that group perceives the individual in question. Friends are being made and a community is being formed and served. The individual is giving a part of themselves up for the greater good. If a reading deals with great tasks, the appearance of Mannaz often indicates that assistance will come from others.

This rune may also refer to a spiritual community, such as that of a church or a religious group of some kind; the individual may be interacting with this new community soon.

The appearance of Mannaz frequently signifies the intensification and betterment of the person's relationships with people and community. This often refers just to social relationships, rather than business or romantic relationships. The appearance of this rune suggests that the important factor may not necessarily be the individual doing the reading, but the people in his or her immediate sphere of contacts.

While many runes deal with the individual, Mannaz is a reminder to step back and consider a larger group -- the family or community. Mannaz also directly relates to an individual's place within a community, how he or she performs, and how he or she is perceived.

Merkstave: One must make peace with oneself before turning outward to focus on friends or community. Often we will seek community to heal a problem within ourselves that cannot be fixed from an outward source -- meditation and constructive self-reflection is required.

Divinatory Meanings: Significator, self, family, community, relationships, social concerns.

Magical Uses: To represent a specific person or group of people; to establish social relationships.

Energy: Psychic order of the gods reflected in humankind, projection of Self into time.
LAGUZ -
Pronunciation: Law-gooze

Meaning: Water

Transliteration: L

Description: Like a wave waiting to carry a Viking ship to a distant shore, Laguz represents the endless possibilities and the nourishment of water. To the Norse, Laguz also represented the wild forces of the ocean, which if not respected could lead to destruction and death. Laguz speaks to our primal fears and insecurities -- that ultimately we are small and insignificant in the face of opposition, and that should everything go wrong, we may be powerless to help ourselves. The ocean, like so many images in Norse lore -- is another highly complex and mixed image: it contains secrets, treasures, promises and dangers. The ocean represents life, death and a vastness of scale which reminds us of our individual insignificance. The ocean is a strongly female force. The appearance of Laguz in a reading will frequently indicate a woman (either the querent if she is female, or if the querent is male: the most important woman in his life). Laguz also represents the moon and the cycle of the ocean's tides.

Interpretation: Laguz is typically a negative rune. It signifies uncertainty, and a powerlessness to act in the face of overwhelming opposition. If however, the question being asked is "Should I continue" with something, Laguz instructs very clearly to continue in the same way that water flows uninterrupted.

The appearance of Laguz suggests that something that has previously been hidden will be revealed. What was hidden may not be a pleasant thing to witness, but it will be necessary. This may allude to something like a treacherous spouse or a thieving employee -- unpleasant but necessary for the individual to uncover.

Frequently this rune references how other people feel about the someone. Perception is indicated here. It is necessary to uncover what is hidden in a person's life in order for them to move forward.

Other possible literal meanings of Laguz in a reading are: A woman (either the querent or a woman significant to the querent), the ocean or beach, social opposition.

Merkstave: An obstinate need to ignore that which is hidden and needs to be uncovered. The rune Laguz may turn up inverted when a spouse knows that their partner is cheating, but is doing nothing about it to maintain the status quo. The appearance of this rune inverted means that the status quo is not worth maintaining and they should remove themselves from the situation as soon as possible.

Divinatory Meanings: Emotions, fears, unconscious mind, things hidden, revelation, intuition, counseling.

Magical Uses: Enhancing psychic abilities, confronting fears, stabilizing mental or emotional disorders, uncovering hidden things.

Energy: Life energy, ocean spirit, origins of life, collective unconscious, the astral plane, love as unity, evolution.
INGWAZ -
Pronunciation: Eeeng-wawz

Meaning: Fertility, seed

Transliteration: Ng

Description: Ing is one of the alternate names for Freyr, Norse god of agriculture. Legend says that Freyr travelled around the Earth in a chariot, dispensing fertility and happiness to his people. The shape of this rune can be likened to that of a field, but its real significance may lie in its balance, representing the harmonious relationship between ourselves and the four elements / four directions. Inguz reminds us of that ancient connection between the Gods and the land, and re-links us with our spiritual natures through the realm of the physical. It is quite literally a grounding rune, and by reintroducing us to the earth, it reconnects our bodies, our minds and our spirits.

Interpretation: Ingwaz symbolizes the Earth and our deep relation to it. Its appearance may mean that we need to spend more time in nature, or pay more attention to the natural order of things. Outdoor activities are referenced here, including sports, hiking and the ocean.

The appearance of Ingwaz may also indicate a need to pay attention to one's body, either through the addition of an exercise regimen to one's life or a change in diet. A healthy metabolism and lifestyle are indicated here -- and may suggest a need to focus on a sound body in order to achieve a sound mind.

This is also a rune of growth: representing the actual act of growth rather than the rewards that await one at the end of the cycle. Personal growth may occur through some event in the near future.

On a grander level, Ingwaz can represent the wholeness of the Earth or of humanity. Overall human conditions, or global issues.

At a smaller scale, the appearance of Ingwaz may represent food or a meal with friends.

Merkstave: Ingwaz cannot be inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Work, productivity, bounty, groundedness, balance, connection with the land.

Magical Uses: Fertility, farming, growth, general health, balance.

Energy: Stored energy, gestation process, male mysteries, subtlety, planned bursts.
DAGAZ -
Pronunciation: Thaw-gauze

Meaning: Day

Transliteration: D

Description: Dagaz references the most basic of all cycles: Night and Day. This powerful rune is a reminder of the cyclical nature of all things. What rises must fall. What increases must decrease. All things are interconnected and in a state of constant flux. Dagaz is the rune of awakening -- new worlds, new possibilities and new opportunities arise as others fade away. Day and night are (and will always be) in perfect proportion. There is balance in all things, celestial and material. Night has passed and a new day is beginning.

Interpretation: This very positive rune signifies a well-led life, an individual who is happy with themselves and their position in life. Balance has been achieved. Positive, good forces will be at work very shortly, because expectations have been managed and risks properly assessed.

Balance and harmony reign supreme -- events will soon take a turn for the better. One has already crossed through a place of darkness and now a new day dawns.

A major transformation either spiritual or material, is occurring as the first light of a new day breaks over the horizon. Possibilities are everywhere.

If some rare cases, if success in a matter has been at hand for a long period of time, Dagaz may indicate a change to that cycle -- a new day which brings with it fundamental shift to underlying expectations.

More literal references here can also be to a time of day (the early morning), and to new business endeavors, new relationships and new pursuits.

Merkstave: Dagaz cannot be inverted.

Divinatory Meanings: Happiness, success, activity, a fulfilling lifestyle, satisfaction.

Magical Uses: To bring a positive outcome.

Energy: Twilight/dawn polarity, non-dual reality, unity, synthesis, transmutation.
OTHALA -
Pronunciation: Oath-awe-law

Meaning: Homeland

Transliteration: O

Description: Othala is the rune of the ancient clan lands: Historic land and property which has a strong spiritual connection to the individual. Othala is the crowning achievement which lies at the end of the runic journey. (It is the last rune, if one reads them in sequence). These ancestral lands are the result of a life of successful spiritual pursuit and hard work. Othala is that physical manifestation of everything that has been earned by previous generations and by this one: particularly, (but not limited to) a house or property. Othala represents our home: our lands, our community, our nation, our identity, our personal assets and the assets of our friends and family. Othala is a physical representation of both our past and our destiny -- a reminder of who we are, and a symbol of the greatness we aspire to. The noble rune, Othala references both responsibility and pride, history and future, honor and hard work. It is a reminder both of our ancestry and the material legacy we will leave behind. Othala is a reminder that there is greatness in small things -- What we do here will survive us. What was done in the past is all around us now and should be respected.

Interpretation: The security and safety that comes with material wealth is referenced here: Richness in the sense of home and family, as well as material wealth. A favorable situation will give the individual greater security very shortly -- but hard work will always be required to maintain the fruits of this situation.

Othala may represent an individual who has overcome many obstacles and has now come home to put their feet up and enjoy their lives as they deserve to. This individual has come to a place in their lives where they have found success -- it is now time for them to recognize the importance of home and family and enjoy the fruits of both.

Wealth, property, and land are all considerations when this rune turns up, and all in a positive fashion.

Alternatively, Othala may represent an ancestral land, or the country of one's forebears. Inheritance and history are powerfully referenced here.

Merkstave: Inability to accept family as a source of happiness in one's life. Chaos on the home front. Poverty and loss of land and/or wealth.

Divinatory Meanings: Property, land, inheritance, home, permanence, legacy, synthesis, sense of belonging.

Magical Uses: For acquiring land or property, to complete a project, to strengthen family ties.

Energy: Ancestral spiritual power, inheritance, heaven on earth, “The gift of Ing”, paradise, utopia.

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Chapter 6: Runecasting
Runes do not predict the future in the “fortune telling” sense, but it is an Oracle which gives counsel to the reader, offering an analysis to the problem, as well as possible outcomes and solutions on one’s spiritual path. As each Rune can have several meanings, which can easily appear cryptic and too broad, it is best to be specific in asking questions, using your intuition to let the Runes speak to you.
Methods
The Yes / No Cast
Used For: Questions that require a simple Yes or No answer.
Method: Take a moment to concentrate and ask your question as your left hand mixes the Runes inside (if you are left-handed, use your right). Pick a Rune out of the bag, turn it over immediately (so that it does not read inverted). If it is upright, the answer is a “Yes”, and reversed, means “No”.
Note: There are 8 Runes that read the same, whichever way they are turned. In this case, you may repeat the process up to three times to draw another rune which may be reversed. If you still keep on drawing one of these 8, it is simply not the time to receive the answer you seek. Let it be, and ask the question again at a different time.
Odin’s Rune or the One Rune Cast
Used for: This is a quick and easy way to get an answer to a specific question or a general picture of the situation. Some Rune casters also use this is as a daily meditation and inspiration, before beginning their day or at bedtime.
Method: Concentrate for a minute and ask the question. Then take a Rune out of the bag and place it on your cloth, any surface or in your hand.
The Roman Method Cast
Use: This is the earliest known method of Rune casting as described by the Roman Tacitus in “Germania”, A.D. 98. It is similar to the “Norns” casting, except for a few ritualistic details, which you can use for true authenticity. These are a white cloth on which to cast the Runes, and the use of runes from a fruit- bearing tree, carved fresh for the particular reading.
Method: Lay out the white cloth. Take the runes into your hands, and scatter them unto the cloth. Pick three randomly without looking at the runes, setting these aside. You may now interpret these as a group or in the same way as the Three Rune Method illustrated above.
The Nine Rune Cast
Use: Nine is a magical number in Norse Mythology, and this method gives more of a detailed analysis of the situation or problems facing the reader, and clarity in understanding the options open to them, as well as possible outcomes. However, this technique is better suited to those who have a sizable understanding of the Runes as this method is highly flexible in nature, meaning the way you read the positions is entirely up to you in terms of relevance. It would help to create some of your own rules for this type of reading (nothing too rigid though, as Rune readings are innately variable), which you can stick to every time you use this casting technique, for simplicity’s sake. Consistency is paramount.
Method: Concentrate on the situation or question you face, and feel the runes in the bag, choosing the nine Runes that feel right to you. Now, scatter the nine runes on a cloth, table, or whatever casting ground you are using. The Runes that appear “face up” are to be read first, as these signify the present circumstances and the dynamics that lead up to it. Generally, the runes that are in the center are of primary importance, while the ones in the edges could be influencing factors. But like we said, this is a personal technique, and rune casters have their own varying interpretations of this, which can change with every reading. This is a good time to get your journal out and note the first runes that came up, to avoid confusion. Next, start turning the rest of the Runes around, also taking note of each as they are read. These could signify the outside influences, the choices one has and the possible outcomes. Again, the pattern and order in which to interpret these Runes is up to you, but keep in mind that runes that are close together are usually associated with each other or connected in meaning.
Runes Spreads
1. Single Rune (beginner) 1 rune
Draw a single rune for insight into simple questions, issues or decisions facing the querent.
Results from single rune readings tend to be very broad overviews. Even for experts however, the single rune reading is often a good place to start before moving on to more complex rune spreads.
Single Rune
This rune gives a broad overview to the question or issue at hand. It may indicate an underlying theme, an area which deserves greater attention, or a future turn of events.
2. The Three Norns (intermediate) 3 runes
This easy to remember spread, consists of 3 rune stones.
In Norse mythology, the three Norns were the sisters who decided the fate of all mankind.
Past - "Uror" (left)
The rune in this first position gives insight into underlying forces in the past which may have a bearing on the current situation.

Present - "Veroandi" (middle)
The rune in the second position gives insight into events that are currently unfolding now. This may be a major indicator, or a minor indicator that deserves more attention.

Future - "Skuld" (right)
The word "Skuld" literally means "necessity", and this position indicates an outcome that must necessarily occur based upon the current situation. Changes in this situation may alter the prediction of this rune.
3. The Diamond (intermediate) 4 runes
This popular rune spread arranges four rune stones in a classic diamond arrangement.
This spread is very useful for gaining insight into the properties of the present moment, and predicting their immediate outcome.
The Facet of the Past (left)
The rune in this position represents past events or situations that may have bearing on the current situation.

The Facet of Tomorrow (right)
The rune in this position represents the near future, and may give insight into forces affecting your next steps.

The Facet of Distraction (down)
The rune in this position represents forces which may block your path, or prevent you from achieving your goals.

The Facet of the Future (up)
The rune in this last position represents forces or energies that give insight into the final outcome of the situation.
4. The Cross (advanced) 5 runes
One of the most classic and powerful rune spreads, the cross uses 5 rune stones arranged in a 'cross' pattern.
The cross spread is used to gain insight into the greater forces at work in one's life. It is an extremely broad reading into character, and the arc of one's existence.
The Past (left)
The rune in this first position represents those forces or energies from the past which are affecting the current situation.

The Present (right)
The rune in this position gives insight into events that are taking place now. What energies are at work? What areas require insight and meditation?

The Future (below)
The rune in this position gives insight into what forces will effect future events and relationships.

The Challenge (up)
The rune in this top position represents that which stands in your path. The meaning of this rune can be an obstacle, or an indication of what to expect on the road ahead.

Inner Powers (middle)
The rune in this center position represents your source of personal power in this situation. What forces at your core will help you to achieve success in the current situation?
5. The Well of Wyrd (advanced) 6 runes
This rune spread yields very complex insights into a wide variety of questions about fate and the forces which affect it.
According to Norse mythology, the Well of Wyrd is where the great Tree of Life gets its water. The well is "filled" with the deeds of man. Legends say Odin discovered the runes at the roots of the tree itself.
The Quester (top left)
This position represents the person at the heart of the question. The position gives insight into current circumstances, situations and areas of concern. The quester's immediate surroundings.

The Difficult Path
"The Difficult Path" position gives insights into those forces that oppose the "Quester" (position 1). What forces or individuals stand in the way? Or, what qualities are currently lacking?

The Road Behind
This position stretches behind the "Quester". It is the background or past mental state that is crucial to the current position. What has gone before? Where has the Quester been? Who or what has had influence?

The Way to the Root (below left)
This position indicates "Near Futures" and gives insight into immediate next steps. How does the present situation affect tomorrow?

A Calculated Step
This position depicts mindsets and courses of action that will assist the Quester moving forward. Something must be cautiously remembered. Moving forward, what should the Quester be mindful of?

At the Great Well
The final position gives insight into an overall energy which defines the Quester and his or her fate. What is the outcome of this situation? What will ultimately be its defining issue?
6. The circle
The Issue
This position gives insights into what is missing romantically, or what has been missing in the past. What is the source of problems? What has the issue been?

The Power to Overcome
This position gives insight into how the issues (position 1) can be overcome. What forces bring a couple into physical and emotional contact?

The Next Step
This position indicates a next step on the path towards emotional and romantic fulfillment. What lies ahead in the immediate future? What must you be mindful of?

The Soulmate
This position gives insight into your search for the perfect soulmate. What are the qualities you seek? (or have unfortunately found?)

Time
This important position gives insight into timing. What will the future hold? What events must happen first, before you can become truly romantically fulfilled?

Union
The final position gives insight into an overall energy which defines a union. The runes may offer words of caution here -- things to be avoided. Or words of prophecy -- things which will come of your union.
7. The Great Tree
Branch of the Heart
This position gives insights into the emotional character of the individual. What forces define his or her emotional state? What are his or her emotional ideals?

Branch of the Mind
Emotion and Logic exist within all people. What defines the logical character of this person? What underpins their logical or critical thought?

Supporting Branches
This position indicates that which lies beneath a persons outer shell. What forces operate in their subconscious? What forces do they keep hidden from general view?

Future Growth
These young branches will be the great branches of tomorrow. What forces beginning now, will take on major defining roles in the future? What issues are on the rise?

The Trunk
This central position indicates the core of one's nature. What is defining at this time? What concept is central? What drives this person on (or holds them back from achieving great heights?)
8. The Fork (intermediate) 3 runes
The Decision
Position 1 represents the decision at hand. What forces have influence? Was anything overlooked? (NOTE: Before continuing, you must decide which of the next positions represent your 2 choices)

Left Fork: Choice #1
This position gives insight into the first option. What forces will affect its outcome? What lies ahead should you consider this path? What energies have influence?

Right Fork: Choice #2
This position gives insight into the second option. What forces will affect its outcome? What lies ahead should you consider this path? What energies have influence?

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Chapter 7: About Runic Magic
Because they involve all your senses, runes are powerful magical devices. Through sound, color, image, number, and divine powers they provide ways of moving energy toward an intended purpose. Traditionally, people used runes as talismans, charms, on rings, in candle magic, and in ritual. Because they are compact, easy to use, and versatile, runes continue to be invaluable in magic. They are also easy to carry and conceal.

When you do magic, you are creating or influencing a pattern of energy. In fact, magic can be said to be the practice of noticing and influencing synchronicity through intention, expectation, and merging. When you practice magic, you intentionally thread and weave fields of energy together in an effort to create positive change. You will it to be so, and then you act upon your intention.

Magic begins with intention and expectation, together with desire. This, when merged with the divine, unleashes energies both within the individual and within the cosmic forces of Oneness. When you learn to use the power of your expectations to become clear about what you truly desire, you become more aware of the synchronicity continually taking place around you. This synchronicity is a result of the connection between everything in Oneness. By understanding these connections, you give your magical patterns added power. It's the difference between having a map showing you how to get to your destination and stumbling around blind, hoping you might get there. Synchronicity is a road map to Oneness and magic is a process of getting where you want to go.

Fields of energy, called morphogenic fields, surround the human body. We are all powerhouses of psychic energy that emanates to and from us in all direction. Magic is being aware of and influencing these patterned fields. This means that inside you exists a great power that you can cultivate and extend. This psychic energy has the potential to influence things, and the more focused and congruent we become at gathering and directing this energy, the more successful our magic.

Knowing this, we can have faith that things will turn out the way we intend. This is our magical field of intention. We can set our field of energy to have a certain magical effect by systematically extending it, reaching new heights of experience. The strongest energy field prevails, which is why it is important to remember that we are influencing energies-not manipulating people-with magic. Keep in mind that everything you expect and turn your mind to, you bring into being, whether it is positive or negative, conscious or unconscious. In this respect, it is wise to master your thoughts.

Magic influences synchronistic change on an energetic level as well as on a physical level. The energetic level is felt in terms of your state of consciousness. The way you think has a profound effect on your reality. The physical and energetic interact constantly and affect one another, so change on one level influences change on the other. Change displaces energy, moves it around, and we can make use of this shifting of power in magic.

Nothing exists in a vacuum. Everything affects everything else. When doing magic, we need to be aware of our intentions and expectations, to take responsibility for our actions. We need to become more aware of how these intentions and expectations affect our life and the world as a whole.

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Chapter 8: Magical Timing
Timing is all-important when doing runic magic. If the proper universal energies are lacking, doing magic can become as futile as trying to hammer a nail into a stone. On the other hand, with correct timing, magical works can spread wings of their own and really take off!

The eight divisions of the year represent the traditional yearly cycle of
Northern Europe. The best times for runic magic are the eight seasonal solar festivals. Each of these days has traditions that have been passed down through the years. For example, Beltane, or Walpurgis Night, was sacred to Freyja. On the winter solstice in Holland, the midwinter horn was blown and a flaming (solar) wheel was rolled down a hill to celebrate the return of the sun.

The Eight Days of Power
These eight days of power occur on the equinoxes, solstices, and four cross-quarter days. The following are the runic correspondences for these magical days. Remember to focus on the associated rune, depending upon the time of the year. This will make your rune magic more timely and guarantee better results.
Winter Solstice/Yule -- Dec. 21 -- Isa, Jera, Eihwaz.
Imbolc/Bridget's Day - Feb 2 -- Perdhro, Algiz, Sowilo.
Spring Equinox/Hertha's Day - March 21 -- Tiwaz, Ehwaz, Berkana.
Beltane - May 1-5 -- Mannaz, Laguz, Ingwaz.
Summer Solstice/Midsummer - June 21 -- Othala, Dagaz, Fehu.
Lughnassad - First Week August -- Uruz, Thurisaz, Ansuz.
Autumnal Equinox/Hellith's Day - Sept 22 -- Raidho, Kenaz, Gebo.
Samhain - Nov 1-5 -- Wunjo, Hagalaz, Naudhiz.


The Eight-Fold Moon Phase

The Norse people understood the natural cycles of the moon and used them in their lives. They knew the waxing moon was the time for building energy, while the waning moon was the time for releasing it. Traditionally, from the new moon to the first-quarter moon is a time to initiate and build, to clarify your intention and expectation. From the first quarter to the full moon is the time to cultivate what you have created and to gather the energy needed for its successful completion. The full moon is called the High Moon, because it is then that lunar energies are strongest. The last quarter of the moon corresponds to harvest time, when you reap the rewards of your efforts. The last quarter through the dark moon and into the new moon is a time to explore the mysteries of life, rebirth, and dreams.

When doing magic with runes, select those that correspond to the specific moon phase or day of power on which you are working. The following indicates the eight-fold moon phase cycle and how it corresponds to the eight solar days of power, together with the primary corresponding rune.
New Moon - Winter Solsitce -- Jera.
Crescent Moon - Imbolc -- Algiz.
First Quarter Moon - Spring Equinox -- Berkana.
Gibbous Moon - Beltane -- Laguz.
Full Moon - Summer Solstice -- Dagaz.
Disseminating Moon - Laghnassad -- Thurisaz.
Last Quarter Moon - Autumnal Equinox -- Kenaz.
Balsamic/Dark Moon - Samhain -- Hagalaz.

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Chapter 9: Invoking Runes
Galdr or Galdor, from the Old Norse, originally meant 'incantation'. The verb "gala" is also used for "to crow". It later came to mean magic in general. These are the sounds used in runic oral spells.
Fehu "fay-who"
fehu fehu fehu
f f f f f f f f f
fu fa fi fe fo
of ef if af uf
f f f f f f f f f

Magical Effect:
This rune provides success, advancement in career, a turnabout in luck for those in difficulty. The good luck it provides is not permanent, but a single event or a short period of good fortune. After that the charm must be renewed, not only magically but through an act of binding or connection in the social sense. This act can be a gift to charity, help to another, or some other action to like oneself to a social order. This rune is good for areas of money, friendliness, and gaining merit. Fehu is a sign of hope and plenty, success and happiness, but also the responsibilities of those at the top and a social binding at all levels.
It is the power of generation at its most basic level. Its energies are totally wild and very useful for magick involving swift, radical changes. To hasten affairs to their next stage&emdash;use after the "subject " rune in your runescript. To increase monetary wealth. Protection of valuables. The "sending" rune&emdash;use it to send either your energy or the enrgy of the runes out into the formative spheres.

Strengthens psychic powers. Channel for power transference or projection; the sending rune. Drawing the projected power of the sun, moon, and stars into the personal sphere. Promotion of personal and social evolution. Increase in monetary wealth.

For attracting wealth and protecting property.
Uruz "ooo-rooze"
uruz uruz uruz
u u u u u u u u u
u u u u u u r r r r r r
u u u u u u u u u

Magical Effect:
Ur is useful for using primal power to release creativity and create sudden change. It can be used to release or tame power. In all cases there is a certain danger to the action, since it will be the runecaster's personal skill and power which will control that which is unleashed. In conjunction with other runes, ur is useful in teh evocation of various natural powers. it helps ub areas of risk and beginning an adventure, even that of starting a business or any other area in which you are putting something at risk. In the eighteen runes of which Odin speaks, the sixteenth is one that wins the heart of a woman. This sense of taming a woman was endemic in the attitudes of aesir gods and their followers.

This is the rune of changes. Uruz is the shaping power that brings about manifestation. Use it to give sluggish circumstances a little prod. A rune of vitality and strength, it is useful in healing magick, especially when the patient is weak and needs some extra strength.To draw new situations into your life. To initiate new circumstances purely by a force of will. Healing and maintenance of good physical health.

Shaping and forming circumstances creatively through will and inspiration. Healing and maintenance of good mental and physical health. Bringer of fortunate curcumstances. Induction of magnetic earth streams. Realization of causality. Knowledge and understanding of the self. Thorsson, Futhark.
To clear obstacles and change circumstances.
Thurisaz "thoor-ee-saws"
thurisaz thurisaz thurisaz
th th th th th th th th th
thur thar thur ther thor
thu tha thu the tho
th th th th th th th th th

Magical Effect:
Thorn (Thurisaz) is useful for attack and sometimes for tests. It makes poeple careless at the wrong moment; it makes people sicken; it drives people insane. It is particularly suitable for increasing the fear of poeple already afraid. Of Odin's list of eighteen runes, the sixth turns an enemy's spells against them. In the poem the spell is stated to be the root of a sapling with runes cut into it.

Directed cosmic power of defense. It symbolizes Mjollnir, the Hammer of Thor. It is pure will untempered by self-consciousness. It is a projectable form of applied power. The force of Thurisaz is able to direct their energies in an effective fashion. Use it when a "little something extra" is required to get things off the ground. New beginnings. Use when you need luck or when circumstances are beyond your control. Protection or defense. Neutralization of enemies or opposition. To push the issue in love magick.

Defensive (active). Destruction of enemies, curses. Awakening of the will to action. Perparedness for generation in all realms. Love magic. Knowledge of the division and unity of all things.

For protection and defense.
Ansuz "awn-sooze"
ansuz ansuz ansuz
aw aw aw aw aw aw aw aw aw
aw aw aw aw aw aw s s s s s s
aw aw aw aw aw aw
aw aw aw aw aw aw aw aw aw

Magical Effect:
This is a rune of luck, good fortune, good fortune, immortality, divine impulse of human beings, and the invocation of divine power or help. Compare this to the rune thorn, which calls upon the chaotic or evil powers of the universe. Os is also good for writing poetry or prose or for success in public speaking. In Odin's list of eighteen runes, the fourteenth tells the names of the gods and elves one by one.

Ansuz is the rune of communications. It rules over song, poetry, examinations, interviews and magickal incantations. It is good to use wherever communication is the issue. Convincing and magnetic speech. To gain wisdom. Confidence and luck with exams. Increase of active magickal energies.

Increase of both active and passive magical powers and clairvoyant abilities,etc. Convincing and magnetic speech, and the power of suggestion and hypnosis. Acquisition of creative wisdom, inspiration, estacy, and divine communication.

To increase communicative skills, pass exams and gain wisdom.
Raidho "rye-though"
raidho raidho raidho
r r r r r r r r r
ru ra ri re ro
rudh radh ridh redh rodh
(rut rat rit ret rot)
or er ir ar ur
r r r r r r r r r

Magical Effect:
This rune symbolizes the journey to a place of power, the realms of the dead. Thus it can be used to gain knowledge from the dead through necromancy, seance, and divination. It is also useful for promoting change, unblocking stymied situations, and hallowing things. It can be used to bless, in both positive and negative sense. A negative blessing is simply an injunction against dark forces, much like the Orthodox "God save you from all demons." But it can also be used to invoke positive forces. In both cases there is a link to the dead who have positive or negative wisdon for and intentions toward us. It is good for understanding great changes, anything to do with ancestors (apart from inheritance), traveling in safety, and immigration.

Raidho is not only a rune of travel but also rules over the cosmic laws of Right and Order. It is useful for legal matters, especially when you have been unjustly accused and need to bring those forces of Right to bear on the issue. Safe and comfortable travel.Peschel, A Practical Guide to the Runes. Strengthens ritual abilities and experieince. Access to "inner advice". Raises consciousness to right and natural rhythms. Obtaining justice according to right.

To ensure a safe journey.
Kenaz "cane-awze"
kenaz kenaz kenaz
ku ka ki ke ko
kun kan kin ken kon
ok ek ik ak uk
kaunnnnnnnnn

Magical Effect:
Ken is useful for spiritual understanding, initiation, the harnessing of power, and guardianship. It can be used to bring strength to an individual, or for the banishment of dark forces of any kind. It can help overcome obstacles through learning. It is also a good luck charm. It is not, however, any good for combat. It banishes the dark; it doesn't defeat it.

Kenaz is another rune of Fire, but unlike Fehu, it is a gentle, more controlled form which gives the ability and the will to create. It is the rune of the artist and craftsman and is useful either when creativity is the issue or when artistic things are very important to the person for whom you are creating the runescript. It also governs the technical aspects of magick. It is the rune that governs passion, positive attributes. Use to strengthen any runescript. Healing, physical well-being. Love, stability and passion in relationships. Fresh starts. Protection of valuables.

Strengthening of abilities in all realms. Creative inspiration. Higher polarization as a tool of operation. Operations of regeration, healing, and love.

To restore self-confidence and strengthen will-power.
Gebo "gay-boe"
gebo gebo gebo
gu ga gi ge go
gub gab gib geb gob
og eg ig au ur
g a a a f f f f f

Magical Effect:
Propitiation; removal of a curse (or karmic debt) through a sacrifice which brings with it right intention and action. A sign under which gifts can be made to the gods. Of Odin's eighteen runes, the last is secret. It could be the secret of sacrifice.

Gifu is the rune of partnerships in all realms. It contains the power to integrate the energies of two or more people in order to produce a force that is greater than the sum total of their individual parts.Increase magickal powers. Anything to do with partnerships. Mental and pysical equilibrium.

To creaste harmony in personal relationships.
Wunjo "woon-yo"
wunjo wunjo wunjo
wu wa wi we wo
wun wan win wen won
wo we wi wa wu
w w w u u u n n n

Magical Effect:
Gaining the favor or untapped power of superiors, whether mortal or immortal; obtaining promotion or passing tests. It is also useful for gaining wisdom, and is very useful for timing spell results. If you want a spell to work at a particular time, wunjo can be used to control the release of spell energy. So a talisman might use wynn to made to work for nine days, in nine days, or some similar feature. Our method of measuring time (e.g;., four o'clock on Thursday) is not suitable, and the rune works at its best in a multiple of nine.

Wunjo is the rune of "happily ever after". It is generally used in the final position as a significator of success and happiness. Fulfillment in any area, especially love or career. Success in travel.

Strengthens links and bonds. Invocation of fellowship and harmony. Banishes alienation. Happiness and well-being. Realization of the links and multiplicity of relationships of all things. Binding runes toward specific purposes.

To bring happiness and spiritual transformation.
Hagalaz "haw-gaw-laws"
hagalaz hagalaz hagalaz
h h h h h h h h h
hu ha hi he ho
hug hag hig heg hog
(hul hal hil hel hol)
oh eh ih ah uh
h h h h h h h h h

Magical Effect:
This is a rune of meditation and the council of silence, and aids consideration, decision, and meditation. It is also useful for overcoming aspects of our lower nature, including prankishness or bad habits.It is therefore very useful in overcoming impediments or obstacles to success. This is the rune of self-undoing and overcoming the tendency to undo one's own efforts.

The meaning of Hagall in magick is very different from its meanings in divination. In magick, it is a rune of evolution, but it is evolution of the slow but sure type within a fixed framework. Its fixed nature promotes security and keeps negative energies from entering your space. Protection. Use where luck is needed. To encourage a positive result within a fixed framework.

Completeness and balance of power. Mystical and numinous experience and knowledge. Evolutionary, becoming operations.

To attract positive influences.
Nauthiz "now-these"
naudhiz naudhiz naudhiz
n n n n n n n n n
nu na nu ne no
nudh nadh hudh nedh niodh
(nut nat nit net not)
un an in en on
n n n n n n n n n

Magical Effect:
For all forms of success and all types of achievement. However, remember that a gift, and take note of the associated god. Useful for harnessing internal power, intuition and creativity, the ability to achieve, as with a sudden rush of adrenaline or creation of momentum. The fourth of Odin's runes frees one from locks and fetters, which ties in well with the meaning of nyd.

This rune has two aspects and you would do well to remember them when formulating your runescript. Nied represents need and distress but also the release from that distress. Through the utilization of this rune by teh will, one can change Fate via knowledge and wisdom. This rune is a very poerful rune in Icelandic love magick and represents the primal needs and desires that drive you to seek out a lover. Overcoming distress. Acheiving your goals. Protection. Love magick and to find a lover. Impetus to get a relationship off the ground.

Overcoming distress or negative energy. Development of magical will. Development of "spiritual" powers. Protection. Use of the force of "resistance" under will toward magical goals. Sudden inspiration. Eliminates hate and strife. Creates a need for order. Recognition of personal need. Love magic--to obtain a lover.

To achieve long-term goals or help lost causes.
Isa "ee-saw"
isa isa isa
i i i i i i i i i
i i i i i i s s s s s s
(s s s s s s i i i i i i)
i i i i i i i i i

Magical Effect:
Representative of masculinity, of authority, elineation and circumcision. Also represents a circumcision of action through the weather. Anything to do with authority. It is also good for dealing with conflict, and for magically gathering allies [who must be your equals, or nearly so]. It can also uncover enemies.

The Isa rune rules the forces of inertia and entropy. It is also a symbol of the ego. To "freeze" a situation as it is. Development of will. Halting of unwanted forces.

Development of concentration and will. Constriction, halting of unwanted dynamic forces. Basic ego integration within a balanced multiversal system. Power of control and constraint over other beings.

To make a situation static, ground wayward emotions and calm volatile actions.
Jera "yare-awe"
jera jera jera
j j j e e e r r r a a a
j j j j j j j j j
ju ja ji je jo
(jur jar jir jer jor)
j j j e e e r r r a a a

Magical Effect:
Comfort; harmony with others. A symbol of right thoughts and right action leading to right results, a culmination of efforts over a long period of time. It is also good for gardening, farming, having a happy home, and good times. Put jera over the door of your house on New Year's Eve. Use indelible ink because the luck is meant to last as long as jera remains there.

Jera is the rune of the harvest, of rewards arriving at their proper tine. It also governs legailites of all sorts and is useful in all legal matters. Use when a tangible result is expected for an outlay of money, time or effort. Helps to bring events to pass. Helps in legal matters. Fertility.

Fertility, creativity. Peace, harmony. Enlightenment. Realization of the cyclical nature of the multiverse. Realization of the mystery of the omnipresent circumference. Bringing other concepts into material manifestation.

To bring events to culmination.
Eihwaz "eye-wawz"
eihwaz eihwaz eihwaz
(iwaz iwaz iwaz)
e e e e e e e e e
[a neutral, closed vowel sound]
iwu iwa iwi iwa iwu
iwo iwe iwi iwa iwu
e e e e e e e e e

Magical Effect:
Protection of oneself and one's rights. When things are out of kilter this rune can help this rune can help set them back in line. However, if it is the runecaster who is out of whack, things suffer for it. This rune can thus be used in conjunction with other runes to keep the magic of the whole within reasonable bounds. It forms a kind of feedback mechanism within talismans and rune magic.

Eihwaz symbolizes the yew tree and is a very powerful rune of banishing and protection. Protection. Increase in power. Removal of obstacles.

Initiation into the wisdom of the World-Tree (the axis of the multiverse). Realization of the death/life mystery and liberation from the fear of death. Development of spiritual endurance and hard will. Spiritual creativity and vision. Protection from detrimental forces. General increase in personal power. Communication between levels of reality. Memories of former existences in the the ancestral stream.

To end situations and solve problems.
Perthro "pear-throw"
perthro perthro perthro
pu pa pi pe po
purdh pardh pirdh perdh pordh
po pe pi pa pu
p p p e e e r r r th th th r r r o o o

Magical Effect:
It opens or provides a barrier to the dark forces including the realms of the dead. It confronts us with our weaknesses, our failures, and our regrets. It makes us deal with the question of what we would do if we died now. It is therefore a useful rune of test and attack.

Perdhro is a rune of time and change. It rules over secrets and things hidden and is also allied with karmic energies. Evolving your magickal ideas. Use when dealing with investments or speculation. Use for finding lost things. To promote good mental health in healing.

Perception of ¿rlog (fate/destiny/karma). Divination. Placing runic forces into the stream of cause and effect. To evolve ideas or events as a magical act.

To find lost property, obtain inner guidance and make financial speculations.
Algiz or Elhaz, "all-geese", or "ale-hawz"
elhaz elhaz elhaz
z z z z z z z z z
[a deep whirring, whistling sound]
uz az iz ez uz
oz ez iz az uz
z z z z z z z z z
(m m m m m m m m m)

Magical Effect:
Every possible form of protection from every possible source of danger is Algiz's domain. Protection and defense, physical or spiritual, personal or collective.

Another powerful rune of protection, Eolh was often carved into weapons for victory and safety during battle. As its shape is the one we stand in when we invoke the gods or draw energy from the heavens, it is also seen as the connecting bridge between gods and men. Protection from enemies. Protection from evil. Promotes friendships. Strengthens luck and the life force.

Protection, defense. Mystical and religious communication with nonhuman sentient beings. Communication with other worlds, especially Asgard and the cosmic wells of Urdhr, Mirmir, and Hvergelmir. Strengthening of magical power and luck and life force.
Sowilo "soe-wee-low"
sowilo sowilo sowilo
s s s s s s s s s
s s s o o o l l l
su sa si se so
(sul sal sil sel sol)
us as is es os
si se su sa su
s s s s s s s s s

Magical Effect:
Transcendent power, salvation, knowledge, strength in times of trouble. Also useful for matters of success and divination. Will counter all dark forces. The sun is a symbol of personal, trascendent salvation.

Sigel is the rune of the will. It is that spiritual energy which guidws all true seekers. A rune of success. Victory, sucess. Used for healing. Used when strength and self-confidence are needed.

Strengthening of the psychic centers. Increase in spiritual will. Guidance through the pathways, "enlightenment". Victory and success through individual will.

To increase good health, and vitality.
Tiwaz "tea-wawz"
tiwaz tiwaz tiwaz
t i i i i i r r r r r
tu ta ti te ter tor
tur tar tir ter tor
ot et it at ut
(Tyr Tyr)
T i i i i i r r r r r

Magical Effect:
A symbol of divine protection, of justice and honor in war or duel. It can be used to defend against or attack known enemies. It ensures victory and the righting of injustice, and can be used to bind an oath. Painted on shields to give bearers more courage and to protect in battle.

This is the great rune of victory and symbolizes kings and leaders of men. Tir is the rune of "might for right" and as such is valuable in a runescript when you have been unfairly denied something or have been falsely accused. It is indicative of the fighting spirit, of trial by combat and fearlessness. It is the primary masculine rune. Victory. Use whenever competition is a factor. Good for health and encourages quick recuperation. In love matters, Tir is used to synbolize the ardent male.

Obtaining just victory and success. Building spiritual will. Develops the power of positive self-sacrifice. Develops the "force of faith" in magic and religion.

To achieve victory over adversity and justice.
Berkana "bear-kawn-oh"
berkana berkana berkana
bu ba bi be bo
b e e e e e r r r r r
(burk bark birk berk bork)
ob eb ib ab ub
b e e e e e r r r r r

Magical Effect:
Healing, good health, calming troubled minds and atonement, childbirth and fertility.

Beorc is the rune of the Great Mother and as such is the primary rune of fertility. It also conceals and protects and rules over all protective enclosures, such as houses or temple areas. It is very good to use in a runescript for the peace, projection and harmony of a household. It represents a very feminine and nurturing female type. Fertility. Protection. Family matters. To bring ideas to fruition. To represent a certain type of female in a runescript.

Rebirth in the spirit. Strengthens the power of secrecy. Works of concealment and protection. To contain and hold other powers together. Realization of the oneness of the moment as the mother of all things. Bringing ideas to fruition in the creative process.

For fertility, family matters and love affairs.
Ehwaz or Ehwo, "ay-wawz", or "ay-woh"
ehwo ehwo ehwo
e e e e h w o o o
ehwu ehwa ehwi ehwe ehwo
ehwo ehwe ehwi ehwa ehwu
e e e e h w o o o

Magical Effect:
A call for divine aid in times of trouble, gathering of bonds of friendship, and the protection of friends. It can call aid from unlooked-for places. It is also a general good luck charm. In the poem of Odin, the seventh rune puts out fires of a friend's house.

This is a rune of abrupt changes and is good for initating bold new ventures. Use Ehwaz after the "subject" runes in your runescript to facilitate change. Brings change swiftly. Ensures safe travel.

Facilitations of "soul travel". Realization of fundamental unity of the psychosomatic complex. Imparts trust and loyalty. A source of prophetic wisdom. Projection of magical power.

To cause changes.
Mannaz "mawn-nawz"
mannaz mannaz mannaz
m m m a a a a a a n n n
mu ma mi me mo
mun man min men mon
um am im em om
mon men min man mun
m m m a a a a a a n n n
m m m m m m m m m

Magical Effect:
Mann helps in knowing oneself. It can therefore be used in mediation, to increase dreaming, or to enhance the truth of dreams. It can be used in conjuction with other runes to personalize matters or magic for or on a particular individual. It is also useful for cleansing oneself, a ritual which makes the afterlife more pleasant. In Odin's poem of runes, the second is one that must be learned by anyone who hopes to be a healer. Without knowing the patient, no healing is possible.

Mannaz is the symbol of mankind as a whole and is often used when assistance from others is needed. It also symbolizes the powers of the rational mind. To gain the assistance of others. Increase in memory and mental powers.

Realization of the divine structure in mankind. Increase in intelligence, memory, and mental powers generally. Balancing the "poles of personality". Unlocking the mind's eye.

To attract goodwill and new social contacts.
Laguz "law-gooze"
laguz laguz laguz
l l l l l l l l l
lu la li ke lo
(lug lag lig leg log)
ul al il el ol
lo le li la lu
l l l a a a g g g u u u
l l l l l l l l l

Magical Effect:
Useful as a symbol of water, of transitions between states, e.g., birth, life, growth and death. It is a perfect means for building an oath.

Lagaz is a rune of intuition and imagination. It is also a feminine rune, but unlike Beorc it represents a strong and assertive female type. Use to contact your intuitive faculties. Increase in vitality and the life force (especially in women). Helps to gather in energies for use by the will.

Guidance through difficult initatory tests. Increase in vitality and life fource. Gathering of amorphous magical power for formation and structuring by the will. Increase in "magnetism". Development of "second sight".

To manifest psychic powers.
Ingwaz "eeeng-wawz"
ingwaz ingwaz ingwaz
i i i i n n n n g g g g
ung ang ing eng ong
ong eng ing ang ung
i i i i n n n n g g g g

Magical Effect:
To gather people or to influence them. It can be used to establish dedication and loyalty, the "we" of a group. It can be used as a rune of fascination, which makes it suitable for strengthening hypnosis, trance, or meditation. It can also be used for gaining the respect of others, or gaining influential positions in a community.

Ing represents the male consort of the Earth Mother and as such is also a symbol of fertility. It is often used in the final posiiton of the runescript to indicate a successful outcome. It is a very positive rune. Fertility. To release energy suddenly. To bring something to a satisfactory end. To "fix" the outcome of your runescript so that the benefits indicated therein do not drain away.

Storage and transformation of power for ritual use. Fertility rites. Passive meditation and centering energy and thought. Sudden release of energy.

To end a cycle of events or specific situation.
Dagaz "thaw-gauze" with a voiced "th"
dagaz dagaz dagaz
dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh
d d d a a a g g g a a a z z z
du da di de do
dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh dh
odh edh idh adh udh
od ed ud ad ud
d d d a a a g g g a a a z z z

Magical Effect:
It is a good luck charm, and can also be used to advance one's station in life. It is helpful for spiritual advancement and understanding. It is an expression of universal love. Symbol of day, daylight and the powers of life: powers which exceed human control, structuring things by their own right, yet human-oriented.

Daeg is the rune of the New Day. It symbolizes the feelings embodied in the expression "Today is the first day of the rest of your life". It is particularly good for fresh starts in any endeavor. Good for financial increase. To change an attitude, either yours or someone else's. New beginnings.

Attaining mystical moment through penetration of paradox. Reception of mystical inspiration.

To create new beginnings or opportunities.
Othala "oath-awe-law"
othala othal othal
o o o o o o o o o
o o o o o o
othul othal othil othel othol
othol othel othil othal othul
o o o o o o

Magical Effect:
To call on ancestral powers, including calling up their spirits. This is a rune of merchants, but also the land-holding nobles and both classes in which inheritance, property and goods play a key role. It thus aids in partnerships, whetehr those of business, politics, or marriage. It can be used to guard family fortunes or build the strength of a dynasty. It can also develop strengths and talents in an individual. These abilities are considered latent, and brougth out by reference to ancestral (or genetic) potential. In Odin's poem, the seventeenth rune is acharm that will make a girl loathe to leave him; that is, it draws her into a committment.

Othel signifies possessions or ancestral lands and characteristics. This rune encourages a down-to-earth attitude of life. When paired with Fehu, good for monetary gains. Use wherever the health of the elderly is the issue. Protection of posessions.

Maintaining order among fellows. Concentration on common interests in home and family. Shift from ego-centricity to clan loyalty. Collection of numinous power and knowledge from past generations. Acquisition of wealth and prosperity.

For property matters.

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Chapter 10: Runic Charms
Since Odin shared the wisdom of the runes with humankind, runic symbols have been particularly valuable in creating magical charms for love, money, and protection, as well as for success, victory, and gaining wisdom. Charms are essential parts of folk magic and when used properly, can assist with personal, emotional, physical, and spiritual challenges, helping ensure the success of a cure or a magical work, and improving and enriching your life.

Before you begin, make sure you have a clear intention and expectation. Build your desire for a successful and powerful outcome, and make an effort
to merge as deeply as you can with deity. Effective charms are done, like all
magic, using intention, expectation, desire, and merging. Remember negative magic will only come back to haunt you. It is always possible to find a way to create the results you want in a positive way.

Examples of Runic Charms
The following runic charms reflect a blending of Northern and Celtic traditional incantations, plus some more contemporary formulas. They utilize three runes each. One of the runes is non-invertible-a rune that looks the same whether upright and reversed and represents the realm which power is drawn. When drawing these runes as bindrunes, work from the non-invertible rune outward.

Rune Money Charm

Divine Powers: Freyja and Frey, Njord and Nerthus
Three Runes: Ingwaz, Fehu, Laguz.
Ingwaz Non-invertible rune, storehouse of potential energy, a rune of the Vanir, of peace and plenty.
Fehu Mobile wealth, prosperity, and plenty.
Laguz Rune of magical power and growth.
Rune Healing Charm

Divine Powers: Thor, Iduna, Eir.
Three Runes: Sowilo, Jera, Uruz.
Sowilo Non-invertible rune. Strengthening solar energy,
motivating healing energies.
Jera Rune that accesses the healing energies of the Earth
and the yearly cycles of the sun and moon.
Uruz Strength and driving energy for healing energies.
General Protection Rune Charm

Divine Powers: Odin, the Valkyries, Thor.
Three Runes: Isa, Naudhiz, Thurisaz.
Isa Non-invertible rune, crystallizes and constrains energies,
using the powers of ice and frost.
Naudhiz Rune of protection and deliverance from distress.
Thurisaz The thorn of protection. Can be used in its passive mode (reversed) or in its active mode (upright), depending upon the situation.

Extinguishing the Old Flame Rune Charm

Divine Powers: Freyja and Frey.
Three Runes: Ingwaz, Ansuz, Perdhro.
Ingwaz Non-invertible rune, draws energies from the Vanir,
especially Frey.
Ansuz The energy to release old patterns and feelings,
using breathing, chanting, or singing.
Perdhro The rune of change, synchronicity, and divine guidance.
Rune Protection Charm from Negativity

Divine Powers: Odin and the Norns.
Three Runes: Isa, Kenaz, and Raidho.
Isa Non-invertible rune, used to slow energies down.
Kenaz Allows you to see things coming your way, whether positive or negative. Helps you to focus your attention.
Raidho Returns negative energy to its source.

Rune Healing Charm for Reducing Fever

Divine Powers: Nerthus, Iduna, Eir, Thor.
Three Runes: Isa, Laguz, Naudhiz.
Isa Non-invertible rune, cools things down.
Laguz Cooling and soothing power of water.
Naudhiz Provides you with only the fire you "need" while you
are healing. Balances the inner fire.

Safe Travel Rune Charm

Divine Powers: Freyja and Odin, Thor, Baldur.
Three Runes: Sowilo, Ansuz, Raidho.
Sowilo Non-invertible rune, strengthens the energies for traveling,
melts ice, lights up your path from one locale to another.
Ansuz Balances elemental powers of the wind.
Raidho Ensures a safe journey.

Rune Success Charm

Divine Powers: Odin, Thor, Baldur.
Three Runes: Sowilo, Fehu, Jera.
Sowilo Non-invertible rune, strengthens your personal power and mental skills.
Fehu Associated with Frey and mobile wealth.
Jera The harvest rune, signifying reward and good luck.
Rune Victory Charm

Divine Powers: Tyr and Zisa, Frigga, Thor.
Three Runes: Sowilo, Tiwaz, Algiz.
Sowilo Non-invertible rune, strengthens and melts the ice.
Tiwaz The rune of law, justice, patterns, and courage.
Algiz A powerful protector rune for defense and victory.
Rune Wisdom Charm

Divine Powers: Mimir and the Norns.
Three Runes: Mannaz, Ansuz, Kenaz.
Mannaz The hugrune of memory and mental ability.
Ansuz The hugrune of inspiration.
Kenaz The hugrune of knowledge.
Rune Love Charm

Divine Powers: Freyja and Frey, Frigga and Thor.
Three non-invertible runes: Gebo, Ingwaz, Dagaz.
Gebo Non-invertible rune, representing the exchange of energies and the give-and-take in relationships.
Ingwaz Used to invoke the blessings of the Vanir; rune of fertility.
Dagaz Balance of male and female energies in the relationship.
Magical Power Rune Charm

Divine Powers: Odin, Heimdall, Freyja.
Three Runes: Sowilo, Kenaz, Raidho.
Sowilo Non-invertible rune, represents the sun and is associated with Alfheim (world of the light-elves), from which the energy is drawn.
Kenaz Signifies the powers of discovery and intuition, clairvoyance, and a clear mind.
Raidho The rune associated with the solar cycle.

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Glossary
Rune – Secret, whisper, mystery, an ancient alphabetic script of Germanic origin.
Runic Scripts - are nothing more and nothing less than a set of runes gathered together to combine the power of each rune into much more powerful “entity” -- the Script. Such runic scripts can be also called a magic spells, because in some way this will be the truth. Runic Scripts are form of spells, used mainly for creation of amulets and talismans, they serve as protective spells, or spells attracting love etc.
Transcribing Runes - What's the difference between "translating" and "transcribing"?
The act of changing words written in the modern alphabet into written runic words is called "transcribing", the process is known as "transcription", and the finished piece is called a "transcript". More explaining is below:
One of the big misconceptions is that runes are a language and one has to translate modern English (or indeed any other modern language) into runes before writing. But that is not the case. The runes are not in any language. They are simply a system of writing, so you can write any word you can say using runes instead of the letters of the modern Latin alphabet that we use to write English and many other modern languages. Just think of the runes as an alternative ancient alphabet called the Futhark of 24 runes instead of our alphabet of 26 letters. There is no need to "translate" anything as it will sound the same whatever writing system you use. Just as the letters we call English, Deutsche, Dansk, Nederlandse etc are not in any language because they are used by scores of languages. The original rune users did have their own different languages - Scythian, Etruscan, Teutonic, Saxon, Old Norse, and eventually old English or Anglo-Saxon. So there is no reason you can't use runes for any language you like, including modern Western languages such as English. The main thing to remember is that the runes are phonetic, in other words you write things the way they sound, not the way they are spelled. Because runes do not follow English spelling. Example: "Through" is written in runes as "Thru", the runemaker writes it the way he hears it.
Oracle – A source of wisdom, knowledge or prophecy, a piece of advice in the form of a puzzle or enigmatic statement.
Elder Futhark - The oldest and most commonly form of Runic script, of ancient Germanic origin. It comprises of 24 letters.
Anglo-Saxon / Anglo Frisian Futhorc - Runic Script from the British Isles, originating from the same source as the Elder Futhark. It has expanded to have as many as 33 runes in its script.
Younger (or Scandinavian) Futhark - A later version of the Elder Futhark, as the Runes spread northwards. The script here was reduced to only 16 Runes.
Aett – (Aettir plural) Family or groups; The three sections or groups of eight, in which the Runes are divided and categorized. The reason for this particular grouping still remains a mystery although there are a few theories, mostly esoterical, that touch on this.
The Eddas - A collection of ancient Norse writings, known as the Poetic Edda and the Prose (or Younger) Edda, which are the purest source of Nordic Mythology, illustrating the ideology and life of the early Germanic people.
The Upsala Codex - A significant parchment manuscript of the “Prose Edda”, which was written around 1220 CE. by Snorri Sturluson.
Hellerisninger - Carvings and paintings dating back to the Bronze Age, found in Scandinavia.
The Havam - Part of the Poetic Edda, it includes Odin’s advise to men called "The Words of the Most High"
Asatru - The religion of ancient Norse gods.
Norns - Norse goddesses of fate or Wyrd, who were responsible for the destiny of people and the gods. Urdh was the goddess of the past, Verdhandi the goddess of the present and Skuld the goddess of the future.
Wyrd – Fate or destiny created by the interconnectedness of all things and the outcomes of one’s actions and choices.
Gandr - Wand or Staff-Called a gandr in the Northern Tradition, the magical wand or staff is considered the most ancient of tools. It is used to move energy from one place to another, to create magical states of consciousness, and to set up sacred areas. It also bridges energies, tying them
together in specific patterns.
The wand or staff is painted or carved with all 24 runes or with specific runic formulas. Often made from wood of a fruit-bearing tree, the gandr can also be made from yew or ash. Associated with Odin, the earth element, and the north direction, staffs measure about as tall as you are, and are larger in diameter than wands. Wands are usually no longer than the length of your arm (fingertip to elbow), and represent the powers of the mind. Because you make them from wood that still contains the vital essence of the tree, gandrs are excellent for use in magic, healing, protection, and power over the elements. They are used to draw runes in the air.

Norse Myths:

Odin - the principal Aesir god, ruler of heaven and Earth, and the god of war, wisdom, agriculture and poetry. As god of the dead, he presided over banquets of those slain in battle. With his brothers Vili and Ve he had killed the primordial frost giant Ymir and used Ymir's body to make all the different realms of the world, as well as the sea and sky. The brothers also created the first human beings, Ask and Embla. Odin was the supreme chief of the Aesir, a society of warrior gods, and though other gods were younger, more handsome, and even physically stronger, Odin's powers and wisdom were foremost. In war, Odin decided the fates of all warriors. He was master of magic and discovered the runes. He was also called All-Father.
Thor - the god of thunder and the sky. Thor was the eldest son of the chief deity, Odin, and Jorth. He was second only to Odin in importance and was probably the most popular god of the Norse pantheon. Thor had three principal possessions, a hammer (Mjöllnir), typifying thunder and lightning and having the virtue of returning to him after it was thrown, a belt (Meginjardir), which doubled his strength, and iron gloves to aid him in throwing his hammer.
Loki - A Giant who become the blood-brother of Odin. Son of the Giant Farbauti (Cruel Smiter) and Giantess Laufrey. Pleasing and handsome, evil in character, capricious in behavior, cunning, he is known as the Trickster God, called "Father of Lies", Shape-changer, Sky-Traveler. Originally, he was the God of Fire. He has fiery red hair and is extremely funny and witty. He would do anything to make people laugh. Eventually, his pranks devolved into practical jokes with a streak of viciousness. Loki ("Fire") first married Glut ("Glow"), who bore him two daughters, Eisa ("Embers") and Einmyria ("Ashes"). Besides this wife, Loki is also said to have wedded the Giantess Angr-boda ("Anguish-Boding") [possibly Gullveig] , who dwelt in Jötunheim, and who bore him the three monsters Hel, Goddess of death, the Midgard snake Iörmungandr, and the wolf Fenris. Loki also bore (as a female) Sleipnir, the eight legged horse, after a mating with a Giant stallion called Svadilfari. His last wife was Sigyn, with whom he had sons Vali and Narfi.
Aegir or Hler - He is usually depicted as an old man with a long white beard.The meaning of his name is associated with water. Aegir was the god of the seashore or ocean, and called the ruler of the sea. He was a personification of the ocean, and caused storms with his anger. Sailors feared Aegir, and thought he would sometimes surface to destroy ships. Because he was sometimes accused of sinking merchant vessels for the gold and other valuables they carried, he became known for his greed.
Baldur - The son of Odin and Frigg, was described as a very handsome and wise god. Some consider him to be a god of light since he was so bright (intelligent), light shined from him. Balder's wife was Nanna and they had a son named Forseti. At one point Balder had a foreboding dream. Odin rode to Hel's realm to wake a volva from the dead to find out the meaning of Balder's dream. Frigg asked all things to swear not to hurt Balder but didn't ask the mistletoe because it was so young. Loki, diguised as an old woman, visited Frigg and found out Balder was invunerable to everything but mistletoe. Loki then made a dart out of mistletoe and tricked the blind god Hod into throwing it at Balder -- all the other gods were playing games by throwing various items at Balder --, thus killing him. Nanna died of heartache after Balder's death and was burned with him on his funeral boat -- along with his chopped up horse and an unfortunate dwarf who Thor kicked in at the last minute. Hermod rode to Hel's realm and got her to agree to let Balder return to the living if all things would weep for him. One giantess named Thokk, Loki in disguise, refused to weep, so he remained dead and was cremated on his funeral boat, hringhorni. He is supposed to come back to life after the Ragnarok.
Frigg - She is the goddess of marriage and the wife of Odin. Another name for Frigg was Saga. Some people call Saga a goddess of history or a goddess of poetry, because the word Saga is connected to the word for history, and also refer to her as a daughter of Odin.
Tyr - He was the god of war, and the only god brave enough to put his hand in the Fenris-Wolf's mouth so the gods could bind it. When the wolf was bound, it bit off his right hand. In the Norse culture the right hand was given for a pledge, which could be why the right hand was placed in the wolf's mouth. It has also been noted, however, that the offering of the right hand is to show that it is free of weapons. A left handed person was sometimes considered evil because he could use a weapon with his left hand even though he shook with his right hand.
Freya - Goddess of fertility and war. She was the daughter of Njord, and the sister of Frey. Her daughters, by Od (no, not Odin, Od.), are named Hnoss, who is so beautiful that whatever is valuable and lovely is named "treasure" after her, and Gersemi.
Frey - god of weather and fertility. He ruled over the land of the light elves, Alfheim. He was the son of Njord and Njord's sister, and the brother of Freya. His step-mother was Skadi. He owned the ship Skidbladnir which was made for him by dwarves. It could sail on the land, sea, or through the air. It was large enough to hold all the gods, but it could be folded up and fit into a pocket. He also owned a chariot drawn by two boars, Gullinbursti and Slidrugtanni. He could ride Gullinbursti through the sky. It was made by dwarves for Loki to give to Frey. His wife was Gerd, a beautiful giantess who he fell in love with when he espied her from Odin's throne. He sent his servant, Skirnir, to win her for him. For this task, Frey lent Skirnir his sword which "swings itself if wise he who wields it" and his horse.
Heimdall - He watches the rainbow bridge, Bifrost , for the coming of the frost giants at the Ragnarok, when he will sound his horn, Gjallar. In the Ragnarok, he and Loki will kill each other. He never sleeps, can see in the dark, and can hear sheep wool growing.
Fenrir-Wolf - Fenrir is a gigantic and terrible monster in the shape of a wolf. He is the eldest child of Loki and the giantess Angrboda. The gods learned of a prophecy which stated that the wolf and his family would one day be responsible for the destruction of the world. They caught the wolf and locked him in a cage. Only the god of war, Tyr, dared to feed and take care of the wolf
Asgard - The home of the gods.
Valhalla - It is the paradise where the souls of great warriors go.
Ragnarok - It is the ultimate battle between good and evil.
Thrudvang – Thunder world.

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